Dissolved
22 important questions on Dissolved
Where is carbonate rock waters rich in?
What is the function of Ca2+?
What is the function of Mg2+
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What is the function of Cl-?
It plays an important role in salinization (dissolved salts in
water supply) & road salt, urbanization.
What is the function of So42-
Used for protein synthesis and metabolism, rarely limiting & many sources of SO4 are tied to acidification, but SO4 itself is not toxic.
What is the function of HCO3-?
Concentration determines buffering capacity of aquatic
systems & a key component of inorganic carbon pool in aquatic systems.
What happens with the cation exchange if seawater displaces fresh water?
Tthe dominant ions change from CaHCO3 in fresh water to
CaCl2 in the displacing seawater.
What is effective concentration?
If water contains a lot of ions, the ions are electrostatically attracted to each other, these attractions hinder the ions to participate in reactions. Therefore the concentration is lower than the actual concentration.
When is the activity coefficient (gamma) low? (2 points)
2. When the charge of the ions is higher (2+ instead of 1+)
Why are ion activities important?
What are functions of cations and anions?
Buffering capacity, or micronutrient, to protein synthesis.
What are the main sources of major ions in water?
Weathering, atmospheric deposition and environmental
processes.
What is the saturation state of a solid in solution an indicator for?
Its tendency to further dissolve, or to precipitate. It is an important parameter to assess ocean acidification.
Why is the arctic ocean sensitive to acidification? (3 points)
1. Due to cold temperatures: Carbonate minerals are more soluble in cold water & Colder T increases solubility of CO2, which enhances carbonate mineral dissolution too.
2. Relative high river input: Rivers often have low concentrations of inorganic C relative to the ocean (= lower buffering capacity) 3. Melting sea ice: dilutes nearshore waters.
How is salinity largely determined?
By the sum of major anions and cations.
Name three weathering inputs
1. Importance of carbonic acid: CO2 + H2O «H2CO3«H+ + HCO3
2. Carbonate rock waters are rich in Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3- (calcite vs. dolomite)
3. Silicate rocks have diverse compositions, but weather more slowly
Name three atmospheric inputs
1. Inputs from ocean water: Na+, Cl-, but also Mg2+ and SO42-
2. Dust deposition f: Ca2+
3. Pollution: SO42-, Cl-
Name two environmental inputs
1. Biological uptake (Ca, Mg, SO4) and redox (SO4)
2. Pollution/fossils
What happens if the IAP is lower or higher than the Keq?
If IAP is higher than Keq: reaction goes towards reactants
Where does the ocean spatial variability mostly depends on?
What are the two sources of dissolved inorganic carbon to freshwater systems?
2. Weathering (and the production of bicarbonate via rock dissolution)
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