Banking and the Management of Financial Institutions - Managing Credit Risk

10 important questions on Banking and the Management of Financial Institutions - Managing Credit Risk

How do you make successful loans?

Important that they are paid back in full if banks ant to earn high profits.

Principles that financial institutions must follow to reduce credit risk (to overcome Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard):

• Screening and Monitoring
• Long-Term Customer Relationships
• Loan Commitments
• Collateral and Compensating Balances
• Credit Rationing

What is specialisation in lending?

Lending to local firms or to firms in particular industries (easier to collect information, can better predict credit worthiness)
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What is monitoring and enforcement of restrictive covenants?

Writing provisions into loan contracts to restrict borrowers from taking risky activities

Why is long-term customer relationship important?

- Reduced costs of information collection and easier to screen out bad credit risks
- Information about the liquidity
- Record of past loan payments
- Easier for the client to obtain a loan at a lower interest rate

What are loan commitments?

A bank’s commitment for a specified future period of time to provide a firm with loans up to a given amount at an interest that is tied to some market interest rate.

What are the benefits of loan commitment?

• Promotes long-term relationships between client an bank
• Firm has source of credit when it needs it
• Bank receives a lot of information about the client (income, asset and liability position, …)

What are collateral and compensating balances?

• Collateral:
Property promised to the lender as compensation if the borrower defaults to reduce the risk of adverse selection and moral hazard
• Compensating balances:
A firm receiving a loan must keep a required minimum amount of funds in an account at the bank

Why does a lender refuse to make a loan of any amount to the borrower, even if the
borrower is willing to pay a higher interest rate

Guard against adverse selection: bad risk would want to pay higher interest rates, but risk is increased for the lender

Why is the lender willing to make a loan but restricts the size of the loan to less than
the borrower would like

Guard against moral hazard: so the borrowers are more likely to pay back the loan

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