Radical Democracy after Mouffe

18 important questions on Radical Democracy after Mouffe

Mouffe posits an agonistic model of democracy as an alternative to which two models?

- the aggregative model (Schumpeter)
- the deliberative model (Habermas, Rawls)

What does the agonistic model of democracy revolve around?

A conception of the political as the dimension of antagonism that is inherent in human relations and constitutive of human societies.

What is central to Mouffe's conception of pluralist politics?

Conflict
Rawls ideal society is a society from which politics has been eliminated.
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Rawls and Mouffe have different conceptions of what makes a conflict a political conflict, what's the difference?

Mouffe: The antagonistic dimension of the political is bound up with the hegemonic nature of social relations, and with disagreement over the ways in which a society ought to be structured.

Rawls:  Ideas about how society ought to be structured, about what kinds of power relations are just or unjust, are by definition, connected to what Rawls and Callan would consider private convictions.

What is political conflict for Mouffe?

Not a problem to be overcome, but a force to be channeled into political and democratic commitments.

What should be done with private convictions and loyalties according to Mouffe? (and as opposed to Callan?)

They should not be counteracted but rather channeled into political engagement.

Wherein lies the true danger according to Mouffe?

In negating and suppressing private convictions and loyalties.
Drawing on social psychoanalysis, Mouffe argues that the desire by deliberative approaches to eliminate conflict (by excluding it from the realm of legitimate political deliberation) actually leads to more destructive antagonistic conflict.

[…] the prime task of democratic politics is not to eliminate passions from the sphere of the public, but to mobilize these passions towards democratic designs”

What don't deliberative theorists realize according to Mouffe?

That when politics does not offer any outlets for collective identifications (we/they constructs) people will seek outlets elsewhere.

The lack of agonistic channels for the expression of grievances tends to create the conditions for the emergence of antagonisms which, as recent events indicate, can take extreme forms and have disastrous consequences.

What do Laclau and Mouffe propose?

That collective political action does not require essential and stable identities. They propose a "new political imaginary" that functions through and across contingent and shifting collective identities.

What is Mouffe referring to when she writes that the need for collective identifications must be taken seriously in revitilyzing the political?

She is referring to identifications with articulated collectives on the basis of common objectives and adversaries (tegenstanders).
Not to collective identifications on the basis of essential or essentializable identities such as race or gender.

What are collective identifications according to Mouffe?

Strategic alliancesbetween groups that establish chains of equivalence with each other's particular struggles; these chains do not erase the diferences between groups (or individuals) but join to articulate them with others on the basis of a shared antagonism (vijandschap).

What are political emotions according to Mouffe?

“[…] political emotions are not seperate from but give direction to thought and action, and […] this thought and action are concerned with a substantive vision of the just social order” (Ruitenberg, p.274).

What should political education be like, according to Mouffe's first two critiques?

“[…] Political education cannot consist in skills of reasoning and civic virtues alone, but must also take into account the desire for belonging to collectives, and attendant political emotions” (p.274).

What are the moral register and the political register concerned with?

Moral register: concerned with the good; both as individual virtue and as universal value.
The moral register need not to recognize the dimension of power constitutive of those social relations.

Political register: concerned with the social order, with ways to organize a society in a particular place and at a particular time.
Addressing the political, for Mouffe, requires recognizing the hegemonic nature of every kind of social order and the fact that every society is the product of a series of practices attempting to establish order in a context of contingency. (p.274)

What if we cannot frame conflicts in political terms, as disagreements between political collectivities?

Conflicts erupt antagonistically, as disagreements between collectivities framed in moral terms.

What is a political adversary from the point of view of agonistic pluralism?

Somebody whose ideas we combat but whose right to defend those ideas we do not put into question.

What is the aim of democratic politics?

To construct a 'them' in such a way that it is no longer perceived as an enemy to be destroyed, but as an adversary.

Instead of accepting the burdens of judgment (Callan) what does Mouffe propose?

That we establish sufficient channels for the expression and confrontation of adversarial views.

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