Opera and Vocal Music in the Early Classic Period

14 important questions on Opera and Vocal Music in the Early Classic Period

Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversiere zu spielen

Essay on Playing the Transverse Flute written by Johann Joachim Quantz in 1752 that argued that the ideal music combined the best elements from many nations

What were the four major tenets of Enlightenment beliefs?

1. Individual rights
2. Naturalness
3. Universal education
4. Social equality 

....these ideas were incorporated into the founding documents of the United States

What 5 general musical values did critics begin to espouse in the mid to late 18th century?

1. Composers should avoid contrapuntal complexity
2. Melodies should consist of short phrases and simple accompaniments
3. The language of music should be international
4. Music should appeal to all tastes
5. Music should be natural and immediately pleasing
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Classical period dates (approx)

1730-1815

What were 3 major differences between music of the classical period and that of the Baroque?

1. Periodicity - shorter phrases usually consisting of 2 to 4 measures and single melodic thoughts
2.  Harmonic movement was slower than in the Baroque era
3. Music projected changing moods rather than a single emotion

What were 5 general characteristics of opera buffa?

  1. A full-length work that was sung throughout
  2. 6 or more characters
  3. Plots caricatured the faults of both aristocrats and commoners.
  4. Characters often resembled the stock characters of the commedia dell'arte.
  5. Dialogue was set in rapidly delivered recitative with continuo.

What is another phrase for Italian comic opera?

opera buffa

What is the difference between opera seria and opera buffa?

Opera seria - serious opera
Opera buffa - comic opera

Who was the most notable composer of opera seria?

Johann Adolf Hasse

Which poet was responsible for establishing opera seria?

Pietro Metastasio

What were the two historically significant aspects of opera buffa?

1. It was a vehicle for simple, natural singing
2. It encouraged the growth of national operatic traditions

Giovanni Battista Pergolesi

1710-1736 (died early of tuberculosis)

One of the most original composers of his day; wrote "La serva padrona."

His depiction of character and emotion through simple, highly contrasting melodic ideas over light accompaniment made his music particularly successful and influential.

Which composer was influenced by the Italian reform movement and vowed to purge Italian opera of it abuses and excesses?

Christoph Willibald Gluck

Orfeo ed Euridice

Opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck from 1762

The music is molded to the drama-- recits, arias, and choruses are intermingled in large unified scenes. Gluck achieved his goal of "a beautiful simplicity"

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