Advanced aquatic ecology

18 important questions on Advanced aquatic ecology

Lake Nyos,  a meromictic crater lake in Cameroon is one of only three known exploding lakes to be saturated with carbon dioxide, caused by a volcanic underlayer. On August 21, 1986, possibly as the result of a landslide, Lake Nyos suddenly emitted a large cloud of CO2, which suffocated 1,700 people and 3,500 livestock in nearby towns and villages. Explain what happens using your knowledge of watersystems and stratification in particular.

The layers in this kind of lake don't mix for years or decades. So there is permanent stratification. A lot of CO2 gets trapped underneath the stratification layer. After mixing (because of volcanic activity) CO2 gets the change to break free. CO2 is heavier than O2 and therefore will stay close to the surface. People living in these areas will die because of a lack of oxygen.

Considering water-sediment relations: would you call the sediment a sink or a source of nutrients? Explain?

Depends on the situation, if you look at iron, that will bind to phosphate and sink to the bottom (only in aerobic situations)
in anaerobic situations, a turn-over will form. This will distribute the phosphate.

What effect does deforestation have in the catchment of a certain river has on the hydrograph?

The hydrograph becomes shorter and longer. The forest can absorb a lot of water therefore, the hydrograph is not that high after rainfall. No forest means no absorption, so more water will flow through the river at the same time, a peak will appear in the hydrograph. The hydrograph will also become shorter because a lack of trees means a lack of roots to keep the water longer in the area. Water will flow faster in the river, so the water leaves the area sooner. Therefore, the line in the hydrograph becomes shorter.
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What will a very low EC value tell me about the origin of the water? (in the Netherlands)

That the water does not contain much nutrients and salt. So it is probably rainwater or water that had not enough time to pick up nutrients from the ground.

Will pine trees make a river get a low or high pH? and how does that cause the environment to eventually build up with aluminum?

Lower pH, so the environment becomes sourer. This can cause aluminum to not leach out and will only stack up in the ground. This makes the ground very toxic and makes flora and fauna die.

The higher the water quality, the higher the EPT index. Is this correct?

Yes, a higher EPT index means more species. These species are intolerant of polluted waters. So the higher the EPT index, the better the water quality. More of these species means a lack of pollutants in the area.

What does DOM stand for?

Dissolved organic matter

What does DOC stand for?

Dissolved organic carbon

Explain why freshwater-life is harder than living in the oceans.

Osmoregulation (freshwater fish have more salt in their system, so more water will flow through their gill membranes.
saltwater (oceans) organisms are more stable because they had more time to adapt (oceans are older).
freshwater organisms have more problems to keep their osmotic regulation in balance. (they can not throw away too much salt).
saltwater has a more stable pH level
freshwater has more habitats.

How are organisms adapted to water?

Fins, gills, streamlined, tentacles to hold substrate

Plants came from the ocean and adapted to land and went back to the ocean. Tell something about water plants when it comes to characteristics.

Thinner leaves so they can have a quicker exchange in substances in water.
they don't have a cuticula since this makes it harder to let diffusion do its work. (or the cuticula is thinner)
Stomata are different, water plants have these mostly on top. Land plants are always on the bottom of a leaf.
flowering (bloei) takes place above water in order to increase dispersion (by insects)

What are some disadvantages of living underwater, and what happens when organisms live in freshwater?

Disadvantages underwater: slow diffusion, high viscosity, shortage of nutrients
freshwater has these problems too, but has 2 more problems like: hypo-osmotic (so organisms store more salt in their body, otherwise water will flow out of their bodies), a lack of salt can lead to dehydration
freshwater is also more unstable, it can change easily.

Why are saltwater lobsters bigger?

Freshwater lobsters lose more energy with maintaining their homeostasis (osmoregulation). Saltwater lobsters do not need as much energy for regulating osmose, so more energy is left for growth.

Which animal (freshwater- or saltwater lobster) would have a lower reproductive investment?

The saltwater lobster will have lower reproductive output since it does not put much energy into taking care of their offspring

Why do freshwater species take care of their offspring and marine species do not?

Freshwater species lay not as many eggs as the marine species do. So in order to have enough offspring that will make it till the end, baby care is needed. Marine species, however, lay a lot of eggs, so the change of the offspring making it till the end is much larger, therefore marine species do not have to put all their energy into baby care.

Why do freshwater species have to compete for oxygen, and marine species not necessarily?

In the oceans is less primary productivity, but its volume is quite big. So there should not be any competition going on. In freshwater systems, a lot of nutrients from land leach out into the water which will increase the primary productivity. Also,the volume of this system is al lot smaller, so more productivity in an area that is a lot smaller. Fish also need this oxygen, so competition here is more the case.

Why is it important that freshwater species can disperse?

Their immediate habitat may change: so they can not live there anymore and need a new place to live. (so they have to leave)
threatened by extinction by predation or competition (the area is to dangerous, so they have to leave)
their own activities have altered their local surroundings unfavourable (their surroundings are not liveable anymore)

Why is the species-richness further from the poles higher?

Has to do with the disturbance by glaciation and the length of the growing season.
Also in tropical regime a stable habitat provides predictable abundant food and has many species specialized in food, reproduction and location.

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