Summary: Abnormal Psychology
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What is abnormal psychology? Historical views
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What is abnormal psychology?
Branch of psychology, studies abnormal patterns of behaviour, thoughts and emotions -
What was the prehistoric view of abnormality and the treatment to "cure" abnormal behaviour?
Prehistoric view:- Internal event result from action of magical beings
- Victory of evil sprits / possessed by demons
Method:Trephination to release the evil spirit (i.e. drilling a hole in the brain) - Internal event result from action of magical beings
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What was the Greek and Roman view of abnormality?
Abnormal behaviour (e.g. mania, melancholia) is a disease; internal physiological problems
---> Medical Model: Conceptualization of psychological abnormalities as (biological) disease that have symptoms, causes and possible cures
i.e. they understood that abnormal behaviours were due to physiological backgrounds & biological causes, and that the disorder could be treated with bioligical/ physiological cure - NOT possessed by devils
---> They thought an imbalance of 4 essential fluids/humours (black biles, yellow bile, blood and phlegm) caused abnormal behaviour -
What was happening in Europe in the Middle Ages (about A.D. 500 to A.D. 1500)?
- Demonology returns in Europe
- Growing distrust of science
- Religious beliefs dominated all aspects of life
- Satan’s influence, God’s punishment, Exorcism
- Time of great stress + anxiety (plague/black death)
- Outbreaks of mass madness, hallucinations, delusions, Saint Vitus’ dance/Chorea Sydenham
- Demonology returns in Europe
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What was happening in Europe by the 13th century (think witches...)?
By 13thC, witch trials were held. These looked at orientation, memory, intellect, daily life + habits.- Witch prickers went from town to town sticking pins into the accused. No response was considered evidence of madness.
- Last execution of a witch was in Switzerland 1782
---> if someone (esp. women showed certain disorders, they were accused of being possessed = burned at the stake/drowned - Witch prickers went from town to town sticking pins into the accused. No response was considered evidence of madness.
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What happened during the renaissance to accommodate those who showed abnormal behaviour?
Hospitals/monasteries were converted into asylums (i.e. storage places for the insane)
- locked patients away from society
- didn't particularly help patients
---> Once the asylums started to overflow, they became virtual prisons. Patients were held in filthy conditions and treated with unspeakable cruelty. -
Who was the first physician to specialize in mental illness?
Johann Weyer (1515-1588) (during the renaissance) -
In the 19th century, what 2 people tried to bring about reform and moral treatment?
- Phillippe Pinel (1745-1826)
- Dorothea Dix
---> She was shocked + repulsed.
---> She travelled through Massachusetts jails + poorhouses.
---> She presented her findings + demanded more state-funded hospitals.
---> However, several factors led to a reversal of the moral treatment movement: money shortages, recovery rates declined, prejudice against people with mental disorders. - Phillippe Pinel (1745-1826)
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In the early 20th century, what were 2 opposing perspectives?
1. Somatogenic Perspective
2. Psychogenic Perspective -
What is the Somatogenic Perspective?
---> Abnormal behaviour has physical causes
1. Emil Kraepelin (1883): Physical factors, such as fatigue, are responsible for mental dysfunction. First modern system for classifying abnormal behaviour.
2. New biological discoveries (syphilis and paresis/weakness in voluntary movements) - people started to understand that abnormal movements were due to a physical problem, not from being possessed.
Treatment: tooth extraction, tonsillectomy, hydrotherapy, lobotomy, eugenic sterilization
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