Family relationships

22 important questions on Family relationships

What are five common patterns in adolescent's relationships with their siblings?

1. The caregiver relationship.
2. The amicus relationship.
3. The critical relationship.
4. The rival relationship.
5. The casual relationship.

How do relationships with siblings change in adolescence?

From childhood to adolescence, relationships with siblings become more casual with less conflict, partly because adolescents gradually spend less tiem with their siblings.

How is the relationship between adolescent siblings in divorced families often?

Adolescent siblings in divorcing families often experience a heightened intensity in both hostility and warmth in their relationship.
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How is the relationship between siblings in traditional cultures?

The caregiver relationship is the most common form. This responsibility promotes close attachments between siblings. Conflicts tend to be low, because age serves as a powerful determinant of status.

What problems can child carers experience?

depression, anxiety, stress, extreme tiredness

What are a number of potential problems for only children?

They are not used to sharing, they can exhibit odd social behaviors, acting in 'old-fashioned ways', which makes them stand out from their peers.

How are extended family relationships in traditional cultures?

In traditional cultures, young men generally remain in their family home after marriage, and young women move into their new husband's home. These living arrangements promote closeness between adolescents and their extended family.

What are two dimensions parenting is described in?

1. Demandigness
2. Responsiveness

Why tends authoritative parenting to do better for adolescents?

Authoritative parenting achieves a balance between allowing enough autonomy for adolescents to develop their capacities and at the same time requiring them to exercise increased autonomy in responsible ways.

What is the traditional parenting style?

It is high in responsiveness and high in a kind of demandigness that does not encourage discussion and debate but rather expects compliance by virtue of cultural beliefs in supporting the inherent authority of the parenting role.

What are two predictions of attachment theory?

1. Attachment formed with the primary caregiver in infancy forms the foundation for attachment to others throughout a person's life: in the course of interactions with the primary caregiver, the infant develops an internal working model that shapes expectations and interactions in relationships with others throughout life.
2. Autonomy and relatedness should be compatible, not opposing dynamics in relations with parents. Rather than promoting prolonged dependence on parents, a secure attachment gives chldren the confidence to go out in the world, using the comfort of attachment as a secure base from which to explore.

There were mixed results for the predictions of attachment theory. In what is the claim modified?

Infant attachment is viewed as establishing tendencies and expetations that may then be modified by later experiences in childhood, adolescence and beyond. The view is also more bi-directional, viewing the quality of attachment as due not only to the behaviour of the parent but also to the temperament and behaviour of the child as well.

What are two sources of conflict with parents in adolescence?

1. Physically: adolescents become bigger and stronger during puberty, making it more difficult for parents to impose their authority by virtue of their greater physical presence. Also, puberty means sexual maturity, which means that sexual issues may be a source of conflict.
2. Cognitively: increased abilities for thinking abstractly and with more complexity make adolescents better arguers. Conflict may also reflect the different ways adolescents and their parents perceive and define the range of adolescent's autonomy.

What is part of the reason for less parent-adolescent conflict in traditional cultures?

Economic interdependence.

The low level of conflict in highly industrialized traditional cultures indicate a second reason for low conflict, what is that?

Cultural beliefs about parental authority and the appropriate degree of adolescent independence: learning to suppress disagreements and submit ot the authority of one's parents prepares adolescents in traditional cultures for an adult life in which interdependence is among the highest values and throughout life each person has a clearly designated role and position in a family hierarchy.

What are three changes that have influenced family live over the past two centuries?

1. Lower birth rate (larger families)
2. Longer life expectancy (death of a parent and the remarriage of their widowed parent)
3. Increased urbanization (new oppurtinies for education and employment, as well for risky behaviour)

What is the result of the historical changes if family life?

The range of functions the family serves has been greatly reduced, many of them taken over by other social institutions. The family in our time has mainly emotional or affective functions.

What are three changes in the past 50 years?

1. Rise in divorce rate (and remarriage rate: blended families)
2. Rise in the rate of single-parent households
3. Rise in the rate of dual-earner families

What is family process?

The quality of the family members' relationships

What are three important aspects of family process that has to be considerd with regard to the effects of parental separation on children and adolescents?

1. Exposure to confict between parents.
2. Separation affects parenting practices. In the first year mothers tend to be less affectionate, more permissive and less consistent. Another change is that the mother may rely on the adolescent as a confidant (mixed blessing for adolescents). Less contact with fathers.
3. Economic stress.

What are four factors that help ameliorate the negative effects?

1. When adolescents maintain a good relationshup with their mothers.
2. When separated parents are able to maintain a civil relationship and communicate without hostility.
3. Consistency of parenting between the separate households
4. Divorce mediation

What are the effects of a dual-earner familie for adolescent boys and girls?

Girls: often quite positive; more confident and have higher career aspirations.
Boys: more arguments, possible because of greater household responsibilites.

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