C6: Friends and school

17 important questions on C6: Friends and school

In what level of development (Bronfenbenner) can you find peers?

Micro-level.

What are three characteristics of peer relationships?

1. Horizontal
2. Equal
3. Reciprocal.

What are three levels of peer relationships?

1. Friendships
2. Cliques
3. Crowds
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What are four characteristics of friendships?

1. Majority (90% has at least one close friend)
2. Stability
3. Equality/similarity
4. Gender

What are three examples of functions of friendships?

1. Maintaining/strengthening self-worth
2. Experimenting with social roles
3. Learning social skills, such as information management

What are three development in friendships during adolescence?

1. Increasingly stable across adolescence.
2. Cross-sex friendships increase
3. Increase in intimacy

What is a clique?

A clique is a small homogenous and cohesive group. Members are similar, know each other well, do things together and form a regular social group. Has 3-12 members.

How is the development of cliques?

Fluid: more than 90% changes over a 3-year period. From same-sex to mixed-sex. Friendships within cliques also change.

What are three characteristics of crowds?

1. Homogenous categories of youngsters
2. Not necessarily friends or spend much time together
3. Reputation based

How is the development of crowds with age?

Crowds become more differentiated with age. They are most influential in mid-adolescence. After, they become less hierarchical.

What are two positive influences of friends?

1. Friendships provide different types of support
2. Help identity formation

To what three characteristics are supportive friendships linked?

1. Higher self-esteem
2. Lower depressive symptoms
3. Improved academic performance

What are three possible mechanisms through which friendships influence?

1. Direct pressure
2. Modelling/deviancy training
3. Structuring opportunities

What are two possible explanations for adolescent disengagement in school?

1. Person (or stage)-environment fit theory (Eccles)
2. Self-determination theory

What says the stage-environment fit theory?

People are optimally motivated when there is a good fit between the needs of the individual and the opportunities provided by the environments in which they must work, live and study. Bad fits lead to less than optimal motivation.

How does the stage-environment fit theory applies to adolescents?

Adolescents have autonomy needs, need for a safe environment to explore autonomy and identity, peer orientation and different sleep patterns: misfit between developmental needs and environments.

According to the self-determination theory, which three concepts lead to intrinsic motivation?

1. Autonomous functioning
2. Feeling competent
3. Need to belong

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