Summary: Advanced Research Methods
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1 Essentials of quantitative research
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1.1 Descriptive statistics
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What are the five descriptive statistics?
- Mean
- Median
- Standard deviation
- Percentiles
- proportions
- Mean
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1.2 Measures of association
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What is a positive corelation?
It indicates the extent to which those variables increase or decrease in parallel. -
What is a sample proportion?
The amount of the sample that shares a commonality relative to its whole. -
What is the relative risk / risk ratio (RR)?
It is the ratio of the probability of an outcome in an exposed group to the probability of an outcome in an unexposed group. -
Which three measures together measure the association between the exposure and the outcome?
- Relative risk / risk ratio
- Odds ratio
- Risk difference
- Relative risk / risk ratio
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What is the risk difference (RD)
It is the difference between the risk of an outcome in the exposed group and the unexposed group.
I.e. Excess risk / attributable risk -
How do we compute the risk difference? (RD)
It is computed as I{e} - I{u}- I{e} = incidence in the exposed group
- I{u} = incidence in the unexposed group
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What is the absolute risk reduction (ARR) and what is it computed as?
If the risk of an outcome is increased by the exposure.
Computed as I{u} - I{e}- part of risk difference
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How to inverse the absolute risk reduction (ARR) and how to inverse the absolute risk increase (ARI)?
ARR: the number needed to treat
ARI: increase the number needed to harm. -
What is an odds ratio (OR)?
Astatistic thatquantifies the strength of the association between two events, A and B.
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