Reward sensitvity and motivation - sholten, scheres, graf etc (2019) behavioral training and manipulation to reduce delay discounting
26 important questions on Reward sensitvity and motivation - sholten, scheres, graf etc (2019) behavioral training and manipulation to reduce delay discounting
What does delay discounting do
What is the DD task
- participants have to choose between smaller sooner of larger later rewards. Participant has 3 different options between which the person must choose;
HYPOTHETICAL (no reward and delay), potentially real (choice with associated reward) or real (all rewards ar epaid, all delays experienced).
What do participants have to do in the fill the blank task
- unhealthy choices are based on discount rate which is demonstrated in smaller fast rewards are preferred over much bigger delayed rewards.
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What is the goal of this study
What is the research question of this study
How did the researchers do this research (operationalization)
What was the method of this research?
What were the results found looking at studies applying training
- 58% show null results or unexpected increase in DD
- 16% show mixed results a reduction in DD on a substance related DD task but not on a monetary
only experiments that incluced secondary behavioral outcomes found a reduction in DD
Which results were found looking at studies evaluating manipulation of DD
- 13% found null results or unexpected increase
- 1 % found mixed results
these results indicate that DD can be decreased showing that DD is profoundly context dependent and changeable
Which trainings were there looking at DD studies
- money management based training
- brief motivational training in combination with substance free activity session
- cognitive behavioral therapy
- acceptance based/ mindfulness based training
- working memory training
- visualization training
Which kind of manipulation was used in DD studies
- connectivity to future (self)
- construal level manipulation
- social factors; social context (reduce DD), social influence (reduce DD)
- emotions; findings show that both positive and negative effects can decrease DD, however as soon as both are administrered the research did not find any results
Which type of framing do we have in the studies?
choosing a set of rewards in future seems to decrease DD rates.
- time framing; subtle changes to time component in standard DD tasks, ; time framing manipulations found decrease in DD rates
- reframing of rewards; manipulation of reframe rewards seem to be highly effective in decreasing DD rates
What should further research look into with time framing
What were the overall effects of trainings and manipulations
- training conducted studies with clinical populations and manipulation with healthy populations > this has a higher chance of succes
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What is one limitation between the effectiveness of trainings and manipulations
especially in manipulation studies, given that these studies are less complex to perform compared with training studies
Which most promising training is there in reducing DD
focuses on concentrating on experiencing and accepting the aversiveness of the present moment
How does acceptance based/ mindfull based training help to reduce DD
Which manipulation kind is most promosing in reducing DD rates
findings might be traced back to demand characteristics which are inherent to EFT procedures, and show to be biased in answers and behaviors. Might play a role in connectivity to future (self) manipulations and construal level thinking manipulations
Which suggestions are there for optimization of DD reduction procedures
Which limitation do this review study have
Which recommendations does this study make
2) extending primary focues to mechanisms that underlie changes in DD and behavior
3) upgrade of quality of studies and sharing of measures and designs of studies
4) including more varied samples, in age as well as in clinical diagnosis, and including possible moderators of the effect of DD on behavior
What is the conclusion of this review study
most promising training; acceptance based/ mindfulness based training
best manipulation; future oriented manipulations
What does episodic future thinking mean
Which steps does a patient have to do in episodic future thinking
2) perform different version of DD task; amounts of momeny in the larger future reward were paired with a subject specific verbal episodic tag indicating to the participants which event they had planned at the respective day of reward
What does the connectivity to future (self) mean
What do future research have to do regarding connectivity to future (self)
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