Nolen- Hoeksema & Watkins (2011)
23 important questions on Nolen- Hoeksema & Watkins (2011)
What do transdiagnostic models of psychopathology seek to identify?
hold several theoretical and clinical advantages over disorder specific models.
Approaches focused on transdiagnostic processes have several theoretical and clinical advantages over disorder-specific approaches:
- helps us understand the comorbidity between disorders.
- treatments that remediate a transdiagnostic factor could affect all the disorders it is related to
To which concept does transdiagnostic processes have similarities with
- Higher grades + faster learning
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Whereas mental disorders are heterogeneous clusters of symptoms, what do intermediate phenotypes have
Which limitations exist in current transdiagnostic models
- transdiagnostic models do a better job explaining multifinality than divergent trajectories
What is the difference between distal risk factors and proximal risk factors
proximal; within person variables that mediate the relationship between distal risk factors and symptoms
What is the critical distinction between distal and proximal factors
How do we conceive distal transdiagnostic risk factors
they set the stage for proximal risk factors that more directly lead to psychopathology
We suggest that it is useful to confine distal risk factors into two categories. Which two?
- congenital biological abnormalities
Which two differrent kind of stressors do we have in environmental context factors
- dependent stressors; which the individual may have played a role in creating
Why should we consider trauma a distal risk factor?
What are proximal transdiagnostic risk factors
How are proximal risk factors operationalized?
a) directly precede symptoms
b) directly influence symptoms
Proximal risk factors fall into three categories, which can be interrelated:
- fundamental cognitive deficits or biases in information processing
- stable psychological individual difference factors reflect the tendency to respond to situations
How can distal risk factors lead to proximal risk factors
- distal factors could shape individuals beliefs, schemas and self-images to create proximal factors
- classical and operant conditioning, modelling and observational learning are likely to play rols in linking distal and proximal risk factors
False or true
it is likely true that having more than one proximal transdiagnostic risk factor or combination of proximal and distal risk factors increases one's vulnerability to given psychopathology more than having only one proximal risk factor
What is the difference between how distal risk factors and moderators exert their causal effects
Give the difference between proximal risk factors and moderators explained
moderators explain how individuals with that proximal risk factor develop specific disorders, that is their divergent trajectories
Applying the heuristic; rumination as a transdiagnostic factor.
what is rumination
Which distal risk factors and mechanisms are there linking them to rumination
overcontrolling parents > rumination in children by undermining children's sense of self efficacy
Which mechanisms are there linking rumination to depression
What can the heuristic do for future directions
- guide the search for moderators that determine what specific symptoms individuals who carry transdiagnostic risk factors will develop.
What is a limitation of this heuristic
too simplistic > reduced risk factors to two levels distal and proximal but likely more levels
heuristic has not specified the potential role of developmental factors in the effects of risk factors and moderators although we believe that developmental processes are important
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- Never study anything twice again
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