Armstrong & Olatunji (eye tracking of attention in affective disorders)
38 important questions on Armstrong & Olatunji (eye tracking of attention in affective disorders)
What has been a key mechanism in theoretical accounts of affective disorders?
What has been hypotheses looking at the difference between anxiety and depression
Further insight into the time course and components of attentional bias may require a broader set of tools for measuring attention. What do they mean with this?
> some limitations of RT measures
> that is why some researchers have turned to eye tracking technology
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What is eye tracking technology
In between EM's, further selection can be accomplished with covert attention. What do they mean with covert attention
Anxiety and the working of this in the attention field is best understood in the context of Posner's model on spatial visual attention. Give the details of posners model
What is the difference between the vigilance hypothesis and maintenance hypothese (of Posners model)
- anxiety disorder; lower detection thresholds for threatening stimuli, which leads to increased orienting towards the threat.
MAINTENANCE hypothesis;
has been articulated mostly concerning the goal-directed system of attention which selects and maintains focus on stimuli according to ongoing plans resulting in voluntary endogenous shifts of attention as well as the inhibition of exogenous shifts of attention to distracting stimuli
What is the difference in prediction between maintenance and vigilance hypothesis
Which three central executive functions involved in endogenous attention control does attention control theory specifies
- shifting
- updating
To which central executive function would it relate when a patient has difficulty disengaging attention from a threat in anxiety
The hypotheses have somewhat different implications for the possible role of attentional biases in the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. What is the difference in implications of the hypothesis
- maintenance; suggests that attentional biases may increase state anxiety by maintaining cognitive resources by threatening objects or thoughts.
What is the difference in attentional avoidance and viligance/maintenance biases?
- vigilance/maintenance; involuntary and automatic
How is attention seen in depression
difficulty demonstrating an attentional bias in depression.
Attentional bias in depression may be a product of ..
What has been studies on attention of people with depression
- insensitivity to reward in the stimulus driven system
- attentional control deficits have been observed in depression > high in rumination and in the presence of emotional stimuli
What does the emotionally hypothesis say about depression
What remains unsolved despite a lot of research
What are the advances of eye tracking method
- allows precise observation of multiple components within a single trial, and also provides multiple parameters of each components.
What are the advances of eye tracking method
- allows precise observation of multiple components within a single trial, and also provides multiple parameters of each components.
Eye tracking studies vary considerably in terms of the experimental parameters and operational definitions of attentional bias employed. Some methodological variances can be accounted for by the presence of two distinct types of tasks. Which two?
- visual search tasks; require participants to search an array of stimuli in order to determine as quickly and accurately as possible if a criterion is met, ususally whether or not a stimulus is present.
What are the operational definitions of vigilance and maintenance of attention in studies of anxiety
visual search tasks; vigilance and maintenance hypotheses are tested in seperate visual search conditions. To asses facilitated detection of a threat, a threatening stimulus is presented as the target in an array of non-threatening distracters.
What are the eye movement indicators of attentional bias in depression
Although the vigilance hypothesis has been less prominent in theoretical accounts of depression, many of these studies have reported the same indicator of vigilance found in studies of anxiety.
Which two primary aims does meta analysis have
2) second aim was to examine attentional biases for emotional stimuli in depression and to constrast these effects with those observed in anxiety, when possible
How is the first aim of meta analysis of eye tracking done with vigilance hypothese
How is the first aim of meta analysis of eye tracking done with maintenance hypothesis
Which hypothesis were tested with depressed individuals
depressed individuals show reduced elaborative processing of positive stimuli was tested.
What were the results in the vigilance hyotheses; free viewing task
- depressed individuals did not show an orienting bias towards the threat (not significant to non depressed individuals)
depressed individuals are oriented towards pleasant stimuli less compared to non-depressed individuals
What were the results in the maintance hypothesis of free viewing tasks
type of anxiety disorder significantly moderated group differences in initial maintenance of gaze on the threat.
What were the results of extended maintenance of gaze in depression
maintained gaze on positive stimuli less than non depressed individuals
What were the results of the visual search tasks
In which task was the vigilance hypothese supported in
An orienting bias for the threat in free viewing did not characterize depressed individuals compared to non depressed individuals. What does this suggest
Why was the evidence for the maintenance hypothesis inconsistent
however in visual search tasks anxious participants did show a tendency to maintain gaze longer on threatening distractors compared to non anxious participants
True or false
depressed individuals showed a blunted orienting response to pleasant stimuli compared to non depressed individuals. This bias is not seen in anxious individuals compared to non anxious individuals
An anhedonic bias was also observed. What do they mean with this
What were the gaze biases in anxiety compared to depression
What is the difference between anxiety and depression in exogenous system towards a threatening stimuli
What happens in tripartite structural theories of internalizing disorders
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