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Emotional development and attachment relationships

62 important questions on Emotional development and attachment relationships

In which four areas can children's emotional development be divided?

recognition of emotions
understanding of emotions
ability to empathise
ability to regulate emotions

How was Darwin's claim of wether expression of emotions are innate, investigated?

are different emotional facial expressions universally understood?
can infants spontaneously produce recognisable facial expressions?

Based on what evidence can we conclude that the expressions of emotions are innate?

facial expressions of emotions are universally understood
infants from birth can spontaneously display a wide repertoire of emotions through facial expressions.

What kind of emotions are the following; happiness, interest, disgust, sadness, distress, anger, fear.

basic emotions

What kind of emotions are the following; pride, shyness, jealousy, guilt, shame, embarrassment.

complex emotions

Describe the research of the visual cliff by Gibson and Walk.

infants were put on a glass table, with on one side a pattern right under it as if the infant was sitting on the pattern.
the other side was a pattern on the floor beneath the glass table.
it looks like there's a drop or cliff where the table ends, but there is still glass.
an infant would approach the cliff, and look at the mother for information.
the mother would display a fearful emotions, or a happy emotion.
after which the infant would or would not cross the cliff.

Describe the results of the research of the visual cliff by Gibson and Walk.

if the mother displayed a fearful emotion, none of the infants would cross the table.
these infants would show signs of distress, or retreat.
three quarters of the infants crossed the table if the mother showed a happy facial expression.
it can be concluded that an infant can understand basic facial emotional expressions.

How do we call the phenomenon where children and infants look to their caregivers for signs, or information on how to act when facing difficult or uncertain situations?

social referencing.

How do we call the setting used in the research of Gibson and Walk on infants understanding of emotions with the table?

the visual cliff paradigm.

What is evidence for the claim that children and infants understand emotions?

the visual cliff paradigm
18 months of age can use emotion words correctly
signs of emotional ambiguity
appreciation of differences between own emotions and emotions of others.

How do we call a generalised framework for commonly experienced events with a stored representation of what is expected to happen next?

a script, or script knowledge.

How do we call the realisation that a person's feelings may not be clear-cut, or match your own emotional response

emotional ambiguity.

What was the criticism on the bretherton and beeghly claim that children understand emotions based on their use of emotion words in speech, and how is this further investigated?

the criticism was that children only have script knowledge of emotions, they don't understand the emotion, but can recognize an emotion and can behave accordingly.
further research focussed on emotional ambiguity, to see what the depth of understanding of emotions is.

Describe the research by Denham on emotional ambiguity.

a task was designed to see wether children can do the following things;
label facial expressions of basic emotions
understand that core emotions are triggered by certain situations or events
can predict a person's emotional response
the researcher knows what a child likes, and doesn't like (info provided by mother)
in the task a situation occurred, like going to the nurse.
a puppet voiced the emotional reaction that would be opposite to what emotion the child would feel (which is known).
the child had to pick from a set of facial expressions to express how the puppet was feeling.

Describe the results of the research by Denham on emotional ambiguity.

the children performed at levels above chance.
shows that children have a certain level of emotional ambiguity, and therefor a certain level of understanding of emotions.
also there is a positive correlation with performance and amount of positive emotions displayed during play.

How do we call someone of approximately the same age and developmental level?

a peer

Describe the research by Harris on false belief.

children learn the preferences of another person when it comes to two drinks. like milk and cola.
then the children saw how the contains of the liquids was switched, cola in the milk carton, and milk in the cola bottle.
the child was asked to predict how the person would react when seeing the bottle, and when the actual contents was discovered.

Describe the results of the research by harris on false belief.

4 year olds typically performed badly on this false belief test

How do we call incorrectly believing something to be the case when it actually isn't?

false belief.

How do we call a test for a broad range of emotion understanding abilities?

a test of emotion comprehension, or a TEC.

Using the TEC which three phases of development of emotional understanding are identified? and which ages do children have in different stages?

age 3-5; develop ability to understand public aspects of emotions, expression of emotions, and triggering of emotions.
age 5-7; develop ability to understand mentalistic nature of emotions.emotions are related to mental states and beliefs. emotions expressed might not be the emotion felt.
7 till 9-11; realization that one can feel multiple emotions towards one event. emotions can be regulated. morals relate to emotions.

In what way does the quality of family interaction influence emotion understanding?

extend of discussing of feelings, and what causes them is related to children's level of understanding of emotions.

How do we call the concept that indexes the caregiver's accuracy in interpreting what an infant is thinking or feeling?

min-mindedness.

How does the family of an infant influence the development of the understanding of emotions?

talking about emotions and what causes them has a positive influence on the development of understanding of emotions.
using accurate mind-related comments by a mother during mother infant interaction has a positive influence on the development of understanding of emotions.

How do we call characteristics like general poverty of affect, showing lack of remorse and disregard for accepted values?

callous-unemotional traits.

What are the results of high levels of callous-unemotional traits during childhood?

problems with emotion processing and empathizing with others in adolescence.
no deficits in performance in TEC's as a child.

How do we call adjusting one's emotional state to a suitable level of intensity?

emotion regulation.

How was the view of infant-mother attachment called that was based on the infant associating the mother with providing for physiological needs?

secondary drive.

What was bowlby's theory of attachment based on?

attachment was innate
instinctual behavior such as crying, clinging, smiling served to create attachment response from the caregiver.
relationship is determined by infants level of cognitive development.

Which age phase of Bowlby's attachment developing model is described; little differentiation in their social responses between familiar and unfamiliar people.

0-2 months.

Which age phase of Bowlby's attachment developing model is described; foundations of attachments are laid, infants start to recognize caregivers. no attachment behaviors upon separation.

2-7 months.

Which age phase of Bowlby's attachment developing model is described; attachment relationship has developed to a goal-corrected relationship. increased independence, and increased awareness of caregivers needs and motives.

2 years and further.

How do we call unhappiness of an infant when encountering an unfamiliar person?

stranger anxiety.

How do we call an interview in which adults are asked to describe their childhood relationships with their mother and father.

an adult attachment interview.

How do we call the deprivation infants experience as a result of long-term separation from the mother, or from being orphaned?

maternal deprivation.

Describe the strange situation procedure.

caregiver and infant introduced to room
infant has time to explore, 3 minutes
female stranger enters the room, talks to mother and tries to engage infant in play, 3 minutes
caregiver leaves, stranger and infant alone, 3 minutes
caregiver returns, settles infant if necessary, stranger leaves caregiver tries to engage infant in play, 3 minutes
caregiver leaves, infant alone, three minutes
stranger results, settles infant if necessary, tries to play with infant, three minutes
mother returns, stranger leaves, mother settles infant and tries to withdraw to her chair. 3 minutes

What is the goal of the strange situation procedure?

to find out what kind of attachment relationship an infant has towards a caregiver.

Which types of attachment are there?

secure attached
insecure avoidant
insecure resistant
insecure disorganised

Which attachment type is described; finds comfort and consolation in the presence of a caregiver, seeks comfort by caregiver if separated from caregiver. healthy balance between exploring and attachment behavior.

securely attached

Which attachment type is described; appear indifferent toward caregiver an treats stranger like the caregiver. high level of environment-directed behavior, low level of attachment behavior

insecure avoidant.

Which attachment type is described; no clear category of behavior upon separation, treating caregiver as if it betrayed them by leaving them.

insecure disorganised infants.

How do we call templates for interacting with others, created through experiences with their caregivers involving representations of themselves their caregivers and their relationships to others?

internal working models.

Which attachment categories for adults are there?

autonomous
dismissing
preoccupied
unresolved

Which adult attachment category is described;
give coherent, well balanced account of their attachment experiences,
show clear value of close personal relationships,
can talk openly about difficulties experienced in childhood

autonomous

Which adult attachment category is described;
deny importance of attachment experiences
insist they cannot recall childhood moments and emotions
provide idealized representations of their attachment relationships
unable to deal with real life events

dismissing

Which adult attachment category is described; have not been able to resolve feelings related to the death of a loved one, or a trauma they have suffered.

unresolved

How do we call measurements used on children from 3 years and older, to determine attachment security by measuring reactions to emotionally provocative themes?

representational measurements of attachments.

What were the differences and similarities between Erikson's theory and Freud's?

similar; development in stages in which a conflict needs to be resolved
different; social conflicts rather than sexual ones

Erikson's theory describe the stage that belongs with the age; 0 to 18 months

trust vs mistrust
children develop sense of trust to caregivers

Erikson's theory describe the stage that belongs with the age; 2 to 3

autonomy vs shame and doubt
child develops sense of personal control and sense of independence

Erikson's theory describe the stage that belongs with the age; 3 to 5

initiative vs guilt
child begins asserting power over environment

Erikson's theory describe the stage that belongs with the age; 6 to 11

industry vs inferiority
child begins to feel new social, and academic demands

Erikson's theory describe the stage that belongs with the age; 12 to 18

identity vs role confusion
teens develop sense of self and identity

Erikson's theory describe the stage that belongs with the age; 19 to 40

intimacy vs isolation
young adult develops intimate, loving relationships with other people

Erikson's theory describe the stage that belongs with the age; 40 to 65

generativity vs stagnation
adults need to create nurture for things that'll outlast them

Erikson's theory describe the stage that belongs with the age; 65 till death

ego identity vs despair
elderly need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment

What are the 6 clusters of child temperament?

unregulated
regulated
high active
bold
average
well-adjusted

Which cluster of child temperament is described; High activity, low inhibition, undercontrolled, difficult to deal with, need consistent positive interactions and gentle discipline.

unregulated temperament

Which cluster of child temperament is described; High approach, anger, fear and shyness. low activity, inhibition and attention focus. easily overwhelmed and experience life intensely. need constant positive interactions

high reactive temperament

Which temperament cluster is described; High activity and approach. Low fear and shyness

Easily excitable, Jump into tasks with little hesitation, Confident, Natural curiosity
need Organized and structured activities

bold temperament

Which temperament cluster is described;

Average on all temperament traits
Easygoing
But maybe also: Unmotivated/uninterested
These children may fly under the radar; they may need extra attention to make sure they don’t disengage from activities

average temperament

Which temperament cluster is described;

Average on all temperament traits
But high on inhibition and attention focus
Easygoing
These children get along well at school and home

well-adjusted temperament

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

An Introduction to Developmental Psychology | 9781118767207 | Alan Slater, et al

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