Anatomy Midterm Flashcards
58 important questions on Anatomy Midterm Flashcards
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
For every ATP molecule used by the sodium-potassium exchange pump ________ sodium ions are ejected and ___________ potassium ions are reclaimed by the cell
- 3 sodium ions
- 2 potassium ions
3 Shapes for Epithelial Tissue
- Squamous - fried egg
- Cuboidal - square shaped
- Columnar - column (big/tall rectangle)
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Loose Connective Tissue
- fat (adipose tissue)
- reticular tissue (packing peanuts)
- areolar tissue (skin has room)
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- surface of skin/roof of mouth/tongue
- Beginning and end of GI tract - mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
- Pseudostratified = false
- Ciliated allows for more material
- Respiratory tract - ciliary escalator
- Also along male reproductive system
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Supportive Connective Tissue
- bone and cartilage --> avascular - no blood supply
- bone was cartilage
2 Layers of Cutaneous Membrane
- Epidermis
- Dermis
What vitamin is produced when sunlight interacts with your epidermal cells?
What muscles cause goosebumps?
What kind of gland is associated with every hair follicle?
What determines hair and skin color?
Apocrine Sweat Glands
- located in armpits and around nipples
- produce cloudy (not watery) sweat
- triggered by stress and hormones
- causes bacteria, which smells (body odor)
Merocrine/Eccrine Sweat Glands
- located everywhere
- produce watery sweat
- a part of temperature regulation
Epiphyseal Cartilage/Plate
- not mature
- can still grow
Sliding Filament Theory
- as long as a signal is being sent to a muscle fiber, and calcium is being released, it exposes these active sites that allow myosin (thick filaments) to grab actin (thin filaments), and (when contracting) they slide over each other
- This is how sarcomeres get shorter
Fast Muscle Fiber
- light
- more powerful
- larger diameter
- fatigues quickly
- phasic muscle
Slow Muscle Fiber
- posture muscle
- endurance
- darker
- blood vessels
- more myoglobin
- more mitochondria
- more capilaries
Central Nervous System
- receive pertinent sensory information
- to send out motor commands
- intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion
- location of brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
- delivers sensory information to the Central Nervous System
- carries motor commands away to effectors
Somatic Nervous System
4 areas controlled by autonomic nervous system:
- cardiac muscle
- smooth muscle
- glands
- fat
What electrolyte causes depolarization?
What electrolyte causes repolarization?
What does calcium cause when discussion depolarization and repolarization?
Absolute Refractory Period
- nerve cannot fire again
- - 90 mV to - 80 mV
3 Layers of Spinal Meniges and Function
- Dura Mater
- Arachnoid Mater
- Pia Mater
- Function - protects brain from skull
Is the posterior half of the spinal cord motor or sensory?
Reflex Classification: Development
- Innate --> don't have to learn, born with them
- Acquired --> have to be learned, muscle memory, get better with time
Reflex Classification: Response
- Somatic --> control skeletal muscles
- Visceral --> control smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, and fat, (autonomic reflexes)
Reflex Classification: Complexity of Circuit
- Monosynaptic --> one synapse, simplest, and fastest
- Polysynaptic --> multiple synapses, interneurons involved, and takes longer (more complex)
Reflex Classification: Processing Site
- Spinal --> processed in spinal cord
- Cranial --> processed in brain
Cross Extensor Reflex
Which lobe do you hear and smell with?
- hear - auditory cortex
- smell - olfactory cortex
Major Function of the Hypothalamus
- subconscious control of skeletal contractions
- control of autonomic functions
- Bridge between nervous and endocrine systems (coordinates their activities)
- Secretes hormones (oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone [ADH], etc.)
- Involved in coordination of voluntary and autonomic functions
- Regulation of body temperature
- coordinated day/night cycle (circadian rhythm)
Cranial Nerve I
- Olfactory Nerve
- sense of smell --> inside nasal cavity
Cranial Nerve IV
- Trochlear Nerve
- controls one intrinsic eye muscle (superior oblique)
Cranial Nerve V
- Trigeminal Nerve
- motor to muscles of mastication
Cranial Nerve VI
- Abducens Nerve
- controls one eye muscle (lateral rectus)
Cranial Nerve VII
- Facial Nerve
- sensation receptors to anterior 2/3 of tongue and controls muscles of facial expression
Cranial Nerve VIII
- Vestibulocochlear Nerve
- Vestibular Branch --> motion and balance
- Cochlear Branch --> hearing
Cranial Nerve IX
- Glossopharyngeal Nerve
- controls sensation on posterior 1/3 of tongue and muscles of pharynx
Cranial Nerve X
- Vagus Nerve
- sensory and motor to organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Cranial Nerve XI
- Accessory Nerve
- controls palate, pharynx, and larynx with vagus nerve and controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Cranial Nerve XII
- Hypoglossal Nerve
- controls tongue musculature
Sympathetic Nervous System
- fight or flight
- excitatory
Parasympathetic Nervous System
- rest and relax
- rest and digest
- inhibitory
Pattern of Responses for Sympathetic System
- heightened mental awareness
- increased metabolic rate
- reduced digestive and urinary functions
- activation of energy reserves
- increased respiratory rate and dilation of respiratory passages
- increased heart rate and blood pressure
- activation of sweat glands
Pattern of Responses for Parasympathetic System
- constriction of pupils - focussing on nearby objects
- secretion by digestion glands
- secretion of hormones
- changes in blood flow and glandular activity
- increase in smooth muscle activity along GI tract
- Stimulation and coordination of defecation
- Contraction of urinary bladder during urination
- Constriction of respiratory passageways
- reduction in heart rate and blood pressure
- sexual arousal and stimulation of sexual glands in both sexes
What has to happen in order to smell and taste?
Lipid Derivative Hormones
- travels through cell membrane
- can act as its own second messenger
3 ways Hypothalamus can control Endocrine System
- makes regulatory hormones --> hormones from the hypothalamus that tell another pituitary gland what to do
- makes 2 hormones of posterior pituitary gland --> ADH and Oxytocin
- controls adrenal medullae
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticopic Hormone (ACTH)
- stimulates adrenal cortex to release
- steroid hormones
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Estrogen release
- maturation of sperm
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
3 Phases of General Adaptation Syndrome
- alarm phase --> adrenaline
- resistance phase --> cortisol
- exhaustion --> can't maintain homeostasis, leads to deeath
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