Odyssey

22 important questions on Odyssey

What is the main difference between Homer's Illiad and the Odyssey?

Whereas the Iliad was a tragic epic about the Trojan War (only set in Troy), in which mankind was seen as  victim and plaything of the gods/fate, the Odyssey was set in a bigger world after the war, when the heroes returned home and on their ways celebrated their human strength and morality.
So, Iliad = negative/fate, Odyssey = positive/humans choose their own path.

What are the themes of the Odyssey?

1. The individual man and his resourcefulness (clever, eloquent, trickster)
2. Travel/the Other (women, other cultures, monsters)
3. Longing for home/nostalgia
4. Loss and construction of identity through travel
5. Coming of age
6. Faithfulness and deceit

How does Odysseus change over the course of the Odyssey?

1. First, he's trying to escape/is a coward.
2. Then, he uses his cunning to survive the Trojan War.
3. Finally, after suffering a lot, he has become very versatile and strong.
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What are the themes found in the story of Polyphemus?

1. Lack of civilization/man-eating, but still a Golden Age.
2. Curiosity leads to disaster.
3. Odysseus shows his cunning: wine, burning stake, sheep.
4. Ou-tis means "no man".
5. Odysseus shows his arrogance: real name, wrath of Poseidon.

How does Odysseus deal with Circe?

He does not drink the potion that turns his men into pigs and has been protected by Hermes with a certain herb, and Circe eventually falls in love with him and decides to help him.

What themes can be found in the story of the Sirens?

- They are beautiful women, but very dangerous.
- They seduce men in order to kill them.
- They lure men by suggesting they know everything about them/that they are famous.
- Odysseus shows his cunning by plugging his ears and tying himself to the mast.

What themes can be found in the story of Calypso?

- She becomes dangerous because she falls in love with Odysseus.
- Her love for Odysseus makes her capture him and try to erase his memories of his family.
- Even though her island is a paradise, Odysseys home is more of a paradise to him.
- Hermes, god of travel, eventually makes Calypso release Odysseus.

What themes can be found in the story of the Phaeacians?

- Hospitality: they help shipwrecked, naked Odysseys, even though they usually hate men.
- Pure: Nausicaa is a beautiful, young princess who is not afraid of Odysseus.
- Lovers of luxury.
- Apologoi: Odysseus regains his identity by telling them who he is.

What can be said about Odysseus disguise of a beggar?

He can't return home safely without first losing his identity in order not to be recognized, and this way, he gets to see for himself if Penelope has been faithful. He learns to be more humble and be kinder to his fellow underprivileged.

Who are Penelope's suitors?

These are usurpers, ready to eat/destroy Odysseus' livelihood by taking away his wife and home, so he and Telemachus kill them with arrows.

What differences can be found between Odysseus in the Iliad and in the Odyssey?

Iliad:
- clever
- eloquent
- diplomat
- cruel   
- cowardly

Odyssey:
- shrewd
- enduring
- curious
- courageous

How was Odysseus viewed in Antiquity?

Often as a sly, cheating villain or a manipulative side-character.

How did Sophocles use Odysseus in his Philoctetes?

While Philoctetes needs his bow to win the Trojan War, Odysseus tricks him into entering his ship so he can steal it from him .

How did Euripides use Odysseus in his Iphigeneia?

As an opportunistic villain who enrages the soldiers who in turn demand Iphigeneia's blood, as only her sacrifice will make the wind return (that Odysseus needs).

Who was Porphyry and how did he use the character of Odysseus?

He was a neoplatonic philosopher who saw Odysseus as the representation of the enlightened soul. In his On the Cave of the Nymphs, he describes how Odysseus learns to resist the dangers of erotic seduction and overcomes violent, passionate beings in order to finally reach a land/a state of enlightenment without any high waves.

Why is Odysseus very popular nowadays?

- Because of Homer's importance in the ancient curriculum.
- Because of the many tales in his epic.
- Because of his democratic nature.
- Because of the many possible allegorical explanations of his tales.

How was Odysseus treated in Dante's Divine Comedy?

As one of the fraudolenti in the 8th circle of Hell, for deceiving many people. After all, in his search for Virtue and Knowledge near the Pillars of Hercules, he tricked his crew, knowing they would think it would be too dangerous. They fall into the ocean and drown.
Dante, however, is quite ambiguous about him, even though he belives that Odysseus lacks God as a leadsman in order to use his curiosity and intellect the right way.

What is the main point of Cavafy's Ithaka?

Philosophical: the journey is what matters, not the arrival, because home has nothing new to offer.

What is James Joyce's Ulysses about?

A stream of consciousness about Stephen Dedalus (telemachus), Leopold Bloom (Ulysses) and Molly Bloom (Penelope).
Father and son are looking for each other, Leopold and molly attempt to revive their former bond.
The book is about certain themes everyone has to deal with, like kinship and redemption, and has taken its inspiration from the Odyssey but in a modern form and another order.

Who is Nauticaa in Ulysses?

Gery MacDowell, a girl in her twenties who considers Bloom her dreamhusband, and tries to seduce him by showing off her underwear. Bloom likes her until he sees she is lame. She is a naively romantic girl with erotic illusions. She wants to marry.
In Ulysses, she "saves" Bloom from his lack of sex in his life. In the Odyssee, she saves Odysseus because he is naked on the beach.
Her beauty is an illusion; in Ulysses, she is lame, whereas in the Odyssey, Athena has made her beautiful for a short while.

What are the themes of Derek Walcott's Omeros?

The diaspora from Africa.
Set in the Carribean, the characters are cruelly brought to Santa Lucia thanks to slave trade. They are searching for the roots while trying to heal their wounds from what happened to them.
The character of Achilles travels in spirit to the underworld, which is Africa in this version, where he realizes he is ashamed of his homesickness and the pain of his homeland, and where an Odysseus-like figure tells him he is blasphemous for forgetting about his family and his past.

What is Margaret Atwood's The Penelopiad about?

The Odyssey from Penelope's point of view:
- Her loathing for Helen, who called away Odysseus and destroyed her life.
- Her uncertainty about the lying Odysseus she still kind of loves.
- The maids who complain about being raped by the suitors, with no one intervening.

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