Pigs II
17 important questions on Pigs II
What are the consequences of individual housing of pregnant sows?
- Expressing of social behaviour is disturbed
- Impaired physical and mental health
- Weak bones and muscles: Leg problems
- HPA-axis changes
- More gastric lesions
- Apathy -> not interested in the environment
- Stereotypies
What are four characteristics of stereotypies
- Repeated
- Apparently senseless
- Typical of individual
How do sows develop sterotypies?
- Low feed level, energy-dense diets
- Frustration of foraging behaviour
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What is the de-arousal hypothesis?
There is a stress response with a higher heart rate and they they show this behaviour to decrease the heart rate
- Opioids can also play a role in stereotypic behaviour
What are welfare solutions in group-housed sows?
- Optimize rearing conditions (social skills, exercise)
- Changing the floor
- Enrichment of materials
- Fibrous diets
What is the problem with the farrowing crate?
- No opportunity to leave the nest, avoid piglets or reduce sucking frequency
- Oral manipulation by the piglets
- Lack of exercise -> leg problems
- Heat stress
What is the problem with piglets at birth?
- Lack of insulation and body reserves
- No to little hair
- Little subcutaneous fat
- No brown adipose tissue
- Shivering thermogenesis
- Huddling
- Nest / lamp
- Vocalisations
Duo to what is there a high mortality in neonatal piglets?
- Hypothermia
- Crushing
- Undernitrition
- Savaging
What are the risk factors of piglet savaging?
- Prenatal stress (as foetus)
- shy personality
- Genotype
- Farrwing crates
- Pasture canges and restlessness during parturition
What is the reason for castration in pigs?
What are alternatives for castration?
- Immunocastration
What is tail docking?
- Acute pain and potential long-term pain due to development of neuromas and incerased pain sensitivity in amputation stump
What is behaviour of growth-finishing pigs in barren pens?
- Signs of stress and frustration as compared with pigs in complex enriched environments
- Redirected behaviours (tail biting, ear biting, paw chewing)
What are the solution to tail biting?
- Satisfy motivation to perform appetitive behaviours
- Requirements from pig' s perspective
- Chewable, edible, odorous, desrtuctible
- Rewarding
- Variation & novelty
What are other welfare issues in grown-finishing pigs?
- Thermoregulation -> Heat stress
- Climate (ammonia, dust) -> Lung problems
- Leg problems
What happens with prolonged exposure to ammonia in pigs?
- Prolonged exposure:
- Increased leukocyte and lymphocyte levels
- Increased haptoglobin levels
- Increased HPA-axis and enlarged arenals
- Changes in social behaviour -> more aggression
- Reduced play behaviour
What are the take home messages?
o That do not support normal behavioural development
o That limits the possibilities for the expression of important species-specific behaviours (behavioural needs)
- Prevent behaviour -> Start early in life!
- Natural behaviour of pigs -> Understand problems, inspiration for solutions
Welfare assessment -> assess the environment and the animals!
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