Attention and Distraction - PowerPoint I
10 important questions on Attention and Distraction - PowerPoint I
What is attention according to William James?
"[Attention] is the taking possession by
the mind, in clear and vivid form, of
one out of what seem several
simultaneously possible objects or
trains of thought”
Aka the ability to focus and maintain interest in a task while avoiding distractions.
What are the three attention types?
- Selective attention: the process of directing our awareness to relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant stimuli in the environment (spotlight)
- Top-down attention: goal driven, endogenous cues
- Bottom-up attention: stimulus driven, exogenous cues
What are attributes that guide attention?
- Colour
- Motion
- Orientation
- Size
- (Salience)
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
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How is salience investigated?
The color distractor is more salient then the green diamond. A yello distractor, does not make any difference. Bottom-up distraction can be extremely strong!
What are the fundamental rules of visual salience?
- Target-distractor heterogeneity: how different the target is from the distractors
- Distractor-distractor homogenity: how similar are the distractors amongst eachother
Are children more bottom-up driven than adults, and why?
Children are much more salience driven than adults, more bottom-up. But in phase two (with information) much more top-down.
Which items attract our attention more?
- Items relevant to our survival
- Faces
- Babies
What are some attention biases? And what is a possible solution?
- Center bias: tendency to view the center of static images
- Photographer bias: photographers place the object of interest in the middle of the screen
- Possible solution: use baselines, these will be substracted by the raw saliency values
What are the capacity theories of attention?
One pool of attentional resources, once it is depleted, not ok
Multiple resource theory (Wickens)
Several pools of attentional resources
Critique
Too simple
Resources are not observable, performance is
What are predictions of Capacity Theories?
1) We can attend to more than one thing as long as our resources are not exceeded.
2) Performance will decline if the resource pool is depleted.
3) The system is flexible: we can shift our attention based on what our current needs are.
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
