Standardization of flow cytometry in myelodysplastic syndromes: a report from an international consortium and the European LeukemiaNet Working Group
18 important questions on Standardization of flow cytometry in myelodysplastic syndromes: a report from an international consortium and the European LeukemiaNet Working Group
Incidence of acute lymphoid leukemia:
Low, highest on very small children (50/ year)
Incidence of chronic lymphoid leukemia:
Peak between 40-60 years. At the top of 50 years about 160/ year
Incidence acute myeloid leukemia:
Low, peak at 80 years with 60/year
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
For my 1st exam I got a C. Then, I started looking for ways to learn better and I came across Study Smart. Since then I have scored a A+, A, A- and another A. I highly recommend it to everyone who wants to hear it. I am so happy with it!!
I was struggling to finish all my first-year subjects for 3 years. Then I discovered Study Smart, which helped me to finish all of them within 3 months.
Because of StudySmart, things are going well in many ways. Before, I always had study stress and no time for anything. Now I feel calm and confident (because of the program). I used to score a B, now I usually score an A or A+.
Hey Chris, I really want to thank you very much for developing the platform, I usually got around C for my exams, now I scored an A+, an A and a A- !!
Since using Study Smart, my average has increased significantly. I even completed a statistics course with a A+ while I'm bad at statistics. I took on extra courses this year, because of Study Smart. Thanks so much!
Ever since I started studying with StudySmart I passed all my exams !!! No more re-sits!! At first, I was happy with a pass and now I only get good grades. Many thanks!
I aced all the courses I studied with Study Smart. For law, I first scored a D, and now an A! I’m 100% sure that I’ll pass all the courses I study with Study Smart.
I always thought I studied well. My grades were fine. I could never have imagined that applying these study skills would have such a huge and direct impact on my grades, my speed and the pleasure I have in learning.
For the first time, I finally feel totally confident about the way I learn. I have the perfect overview and make great progress in terms of speed and the grades I get. Thanks, Chris!
I immediately started to enjoy learning again, and my grades soared. All of a sudden, everything went better. I highly recommend Study Smart to all students..
Being able to create my materials online made the process of studying so much smoother and quicker. I no longer have to spend a huge amount of my time on creating my summaries.
At first, my notes were a mess. Now I use Study Smart to take my notes in a perfectly structured way. It helps me to save a lot of time and do other things I enjoy.
Students that study with Study Smart get better grades. The system applies all the learning methods in such a way that both well-performing students and students who struggle perform much better.
Hi Chris, I would like to thank you very much. Last year I scored C on a course, and this year I got an A+ thanks to your method! Thank you very much!
The largest effect is that my child is more enthusiastic about school! Every parent wants their children to be happy at school, Study Smart made it happen.
In high school, I failed several exams, and that has really changed now. I actually needed this tool very much back then. Since I started studying with StudySmart, I haven't had any D's. My average score is now an A and those are results I would have never had in the past
With my old method, I passed only 3 out of 8 courses. Since I started taking my notes digitally in Study Smart, I have passed all my courses on the first try. For me, StudySmart takes away the stress of wondering if I will pass or not.
Thanks to StudySmart, I passed all my exams, and with better grades than before! On top of that, I have mastered a very good study method now, which I am confident will help me earn my degree.
Incidence chronic myeloid leukemia:
Incidence unspecified myeloid leukemia:
Very low, increases a bit with age
How is leukemia diagnosed?
• cytomorphology • cytogenetics • moleculair biology • flow cytometry
What is the order from smaal to big of a sideways light scatter?
lymphocyte, blast, monocyte close to eachother. Granulocyte is very big and lies above the rest.
What are Fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies?
• antibodies against human antigens (e.g. membrane proteins)
• antibodies conjugated with different fluorochromes
How can you group antibodies in CD-clusters?
• classification of monoclonal antibodies generated by different laboratories around the world against epitopes on the surface molecules of leukocytes
• > 350 unique CD clusters and subclusters have been identified
What is the CD marker of B cells?
CD19, CD20
What is the CD marker of progenitor cells?
CD34
Role of flow cytometry in diagnosis of leukemia
Between what can FC disciminate?
•immature vs. mature leukemia
•lymphoid vs. myeloid AL
•B vs. T or NK lymphoid
•lymphoid differentiation: pro-B-ALL-> mature B-ALL
•myeloid differentiation
Role of flow cytometry in diagnosis of leukemia
What can FC recognize?
•specific immunophenotypes: APL t(15;17); AML t(8;21); ALL t(9;22)
•mixed phenotype acute leukemia
•minimal residual disease
•leukemic stem cells
What is the CD marker of granulocytes?
What is the CD marker of thrombocytes?
What is the CD marker of regular Tcells?
Name other applications of flow cytometry in acute myeloid leukemia:
- Evaluation of therapy resistance of leukemia initiating cells: •Drug efflux pumps •Apoptosis pathways •Gene expression profiles
- therapeutic target identification specific for leukemic stem cells
- Evaluation of clonal evolution
flow cytometry has an important role in
•diagnosis (mature vs. immature; myeloid vs. lymphoid; myeloid and erythroid dysplasia (not discussed)
•monitoring response to therapy (MRD)
•prognosis
•ongoing research (•to increase knowlegde on leukemia initiating cells •to identify new targets for therapy)
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
