Causal modeling of panic disorders
62 important questions on Causal modeling of panic disorders
What framework did Morton and Frith develop?
- They developed the causal modelling framework for developmental disorders.
- This framework integrates biological, cognitive and behavioural components.
- This framework integrates biological, cognitive and behavioural components.
What is the purpose of the causal modelling framework?
- It's used to display similarities and differences between different theories.
- It highlights weaknesses in some theories, particularly about environmental and biological factors.
- It highlights weaknesses in some theories, particularly about environmental and biological factors.
How does the causal modelling framework represent theories?
- By creating a directed graph with arrows showing relationships between elements.
- Absence of an element indicates that a consequent element wouldn't exist.
- Absence of an element indicates that a consequent element wouldn't exist.
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What concept emerges when both biological and cognitive events are effectively identical in a theory?
- Equivalence emerges under these conditions.
- It signifies that different components serve the same purpose for a theory.
- It signifies that different components serve the same purpose for a theory.
What does the paper include when explaining causal models?
- It includes current processing in its explanation.
- Distinguishes between antecedents and immediate causes of disorders.
- Distinguishes between antecedents and immediate causes of disorders.
What are key indicators of panic disorder (PD) according to the paper?
- Panic attacks are central, involving intense apprehension or doom.
- Symptoms include distressing physical sensations like breathlessness.
- Symptoms include distressing physical sensations like breathlessness.
What is the psychodynamic theory of panic disorder based on?
- Based on Freud's ideas
- Emphasizes importance of anxiety in panic disorder
- Anxiety viewed as result of unresolved sexual conflict
- Emphasizes importance of anxiety in panic disorder
- Anxiety viewed as result of unresolved sexual conflict
According to psychodynamic theories, what do some views suggest about the anxiety leading to panic attacks?
- Some views suggest it results from unresolved sexual and cultural conflicts
- These conflicts trigger acute anxiety starting with the subject's initial appraisal of danger
- These conflicts trigger acute anxiety starting with the subject's initial appraisal of danger
How do psychodynamic theories interpret intrapsychic conflicts?
- Interpret intrapsychic conflicts as more fearful for individuals with panic disorder
- These conflicts with panic disorders are prone to anxiety reduction when combined with acute stressors
- These conflicts with panic disorders are prone to anxiety reduction when combined with acute stressors
What does the psychodynamic approach to panic disorder suggest about early life events?
- Suggests early life events like trauma may develop anxiety or fearfulness
- Early events contribute to susceptibility for imagining dangerous situations
- Early events contribute to susceptibility for imagining dangerous situations
What does the generalized psychodynamic theory of panic disorder identify?
- Identifies prerequisites and processing at the time of the panic attack
- Suggests unconscious conflict with anxiety leads to perceived threat
- Suggests unconscious conflict with anxiety leads to perceived threat
What does Clark's theory suggest about individuals with panic disorder?
- Misinterpret bodily sensations as catastrophic threat.
- Sensations may be internal or external.
- Can lead to panic attacks.
- Sensations may be internal or external.
- Can lead to panic attacks.
What does the causal model for a generalized psychodynamic theory suggest about early life events and acute stressors?
- Early life events can lead to unacceptable unconscious wishes.
- Acute stressors may provoke anxiety.
- Acute stressors may provoke anxiety.
What might trigger an autonomic panic attack according to Clark?
- Low-level bodily sensations or internal triggers.
- Misinterpreted as dangerous.
- Can result in panic disorder diagnosis.
- Misinterpreted as dangerous.
- Can result in panic disorder diagnosis.
According to the diagram, what are the three factors involved in the causal model for panic attacks?
- Biological factors include a low threshold for anxiety.
- Cognitive factors involve appraising situations as dangerous.
- Behavioral factors can result in panic attacks.
- Cognitive factors involve appraising situations as dangerous.
- Behavioral factors can result in panic attacks.
How is the vicious circle of panic described in Clark's theory initiated?
- Initiated by learned threat, external or internal triggers.
- A threshold level of bodily sensations starts the panic attack.
- Catastrophic misinterpretation is a key factor.
- A threshold level of bodily sensations starts the panic attack.
- Catastrophic misinterpretation is a key factor.
How does underlying conflict relate to anxiety neurosis in the causal model presented?
- Underlying conflict can develop into anxiety neurosis.
What is the critical element in the causal model of panic disorder by Clark?
- Previously occurring critical event.
- Only antecedent cause is the learned threat.
- Leads to a vicious circle.
- Only antecedent cause is the learned threat.
- Leads to a vicious circle.
What does Bandura's theory of panic disorder focus on?
- Focuses on individual's perception of their ability to cope with stress.
- Involves self-efficacy as a key element.
- Involves self-efficacy as a key element.
What are the components involved in Casey et al.'s (2004) theory of panic disorder?
- Arousal increase
- Bodily sensations
- Internal trigger
- Self-efficacy
- Catastrophic misinterpretation
- Perceived threat
- Apprehension
- Panic attack
- Bodily sensations
- Internal trigger
- Self-efficacy
- Catastrophic misinterpretation
- Perceived threat
- Apprehension
- Panic attack
According to Bandura, how does self-efficacy affect an individual's reaction to stress?
- Determines how well they manage unpredictable and stressful situations.
- Influences performance levels from poor to extraordinary.
- Influences performance levels from poor to extraordinary.
How does self-efficacy influence the process of panic according to Casey et al. (2004)?
- Increased self-efficacy can lead to positive effects of CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy).
- Increased self-efficacy is intended to inhibit catastrophic misinterpretation and reduce apprehension.
- Increased self-efficacy is intended to inhibit catastrophic misinterpretation and reduce apprehension.
What biological factors contribute to the susceptible circle according to the model?
- Genetic predisposition
- High AS (Anxiety Sensitivity)
- High AS (Anxiety Sensitivity)
What cognitive factors are shown in the model that link to the susceptible circle?
- High AS (Anxiety Sensitivity)
- Low self-efficacy
- Learned threat
- Low self-efficacy
- Learned threat
What is Anxiety Sensitivity (AS) and its significance in panic disorder?
- AS is a dispositional variable linked to panic disorder.
- Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) predicts panic symptoms after biological challenges.
- AS involves fear of anxiety/arousal sensations, not catastrophic misinterpretation.
- Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) predicts panic symptoms after biological challenges.
- AS involves fear of anxiety/arousal sensations, not catastrophic misinterpretation.
What role does the assessment of threats and coping abilities play in Bandura's causal model of panic attacks?
- Perceived threats and coping abilities assessment can cause a sense of threat.
- Low self-efficacy replaces learned threat in the model.
- Low self-efficacy replaces learned threat in the model.
How is Anxiety Sensitivity viewed in relation to panic disorder, according to the text?
- AS is not considered part of the vicious cycle of panic disorder.
- It is suggested that AS can occur without leading to a panic disorder.
- It is suggested that AS can occur without leading to a panic disorder.
How does "inadequate relationship with parent" relate to the theory presented in the model?
- Leads to attachment problems
- Attachment problems are part of the susceptible circle
- Attachment problems are part of the susceptible circle
What is the only trigger in Bandura's theory that initiates the vicious circle leading to panic attacks?
- External trigger combined with lower self-efficacy leads to perceived threats.
- Initiates the vicious circle and panic attacks.
- Initiates the vicious circle and panic attacks.
What role does Anxiety Sensitivity play as a cognitive risk factor for panic attacks?
- AS is identified as a cognitive risk factor for panic attacks.
- Cognitive biases amplify internal cues at higher anxiety levels, affecting AS.
- Positivity biases can hinder, and higher AS might contribute to panic attacks.
- Cognitive biases amplify internal cues at higher anxiety levels, affecting AS.
- Positivity biases can hinder, and higher AS might contribute to panic attacks.
What event in the model triggers the susceptible circle, potentially leading to PD behavior?
- Critical event
- Leads to learned threat
- Learned threat connects to the susceptible circle
- Leads to learned threat
- Learned threat connects to the susceptible circle
In the model, what is the term for the patterns of behavior the theory aims to explain?
- PD behavior (Panic Disorder behavior)
What two main points does Casey's causal model differ from Bandura's theory regarding panic disorder?
- Role of low self-efficacy in physiological arousal.
- Link between self-efficacy and catastrophic misinterpretation.
- Link between self-efficacy and catastrophic misinterpretation.
What does the composite cognitive theory suggest about panic disorder (PD)?
- The theory integrates multiple theories into a composite view.
- Three conditions for PD are low self-efficacy, high anxiety sensitivity, and learned threat.
- The theory explains PD without needing catastrophic misinterpretation.
- Three conditions for PD are low self-efficacy, high anxiety sensitivity, and learned threat.
- The theory explains PD without needing catastrophic misinterpretation.
What can adverse life events lead to according to the model?
- Development of a sensitive fear network.
- May result in phobic avoidance in certain contexts.
- May result in phobic avoidance in certain contexts.
What are some biological theories proposed to explain anxiety disorders?
- Neuroanatomical theories focus on heritability and neural abnormalities.
- The Neuroanatomical Hypothesis of panic disorder involves a fear network in the brain.
- The Neuroanatomical Hypothesis of panic disorder involves a fear network in the brain.
What does the model suggest about the role of the mPFC in fear?
- mPFC is involved in learning cognitive misattributions.
- Learning can sensitize the fear network.
- Learning can sensitize the fear network.
What contributes to Beck's model of panic disorder according to the text?
- Catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations.
- Factors like danger perception, coping abilities, and rescue factors.
- Factors like danger perception, coping abilities, and rescue factors.
How can research approach the study of the composite cognitive theory?
- Methods include questioning validity, cause-effect among constructs, and comparing subgroups.
- Three main approaches to study the theory were listed.
- Three main approaches to study the theory were listed.
How is the fear network related to the symptoms of panic disorder according to the Neuroanatomical Hypothesis?
- The fear network in the brain mediates symptoms of panic disorder.
- Low threshold for activating this network leads to autonomic and neuroendocrine responses.
- Low threshold for activating this network leads to autonomic and neuroendocrine responses.
How does trauma affect the fear network and hippocampus?
- Trauma impacts the fear network directly, causing sensitization.
- The hippocampus functions normally, information signaling "affect" increases arousal.
- The hippocampus functions normally, information signaling "affect" increases arousal.
What autonomic behavioral responses are related to panic disorder?
- Increased respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate.
- Defensive behaviors and postural freezing.
- Defensive behaviors and postural freezing.
How does self-efficacy factor into the Integrative Cognitive Model for panic disorder developed by Casey?
- It contributes to and mediates the body sensations and panic.
- Affects the cognitive process in the panic disorder model.
- Affects the cognitive process in the panic disorder model.
What are the three methods of action for SSRIs described in the model?
1. Increase in 5-HT inhibits excitatory inputs to amygdala.
2. Inhibition of projections to brainstem and hypothalamus from amygdala.
3. SSRIs inhibit brainstem sites like locus coeruleus.
2. Inhibition of projections to brainstem and hypothalamus from amygdala.
3. SSRIs inhibit brainstem sites like locus coeruleus.
What technique is used in the neuroanatomical approach to study panic attacks?
- Neuroimaging on brain regions involved during panic attacks.
- Studies emphasize the role of structures like the thalamus and hypothalamus.
- Studies emphasize the role of structures like the thalamus and hypothalamus.
What remains unaffected when the fear network isn't activated according to the model?
- The MPFC activation responds normally.
- The hippocampus is unaffected by non-activation of the fear network.
- The hippocampus is unaffected by non-activation of the fear network.
What predisposes individuals to panic according to the model?
- Low threshold for anxiety or high anxiety sensitivity.
- Moderate activity in the fear network during a panic attack.
- Historical environmental factors like poor parental relationships.
- Certain states or traits, such as low self-efficacy.
- All theories require a trigger for panic, either internal or external.
- Moderate activity in the fear network during a panic attack.
- Historical environmental factors like poor parental relationships.
- Certain states or traits, such as low self-efficacy.
- All theories require a trigger for panic, either internal or external.
What are some biological factors involved in the causal modeling of panic disorder according to the diagram?
- Genetic susceptibility
- Low threshold for anxiety (amygdala, brainstem, etc.)
- Neurotransmitter system dysregulation
- Low threshold for anxiety (amygdala, brainstem, etc.)
- Neurotransmitter system dysregulation
What does the causal modeling framework encourage clinicians to do?
- Encourages individual assessment of triggers for panic attacks.
- Suggests considering panic disorder as a symptom, not a diagnostic category.
- Suggests considering panic disorder as a symptom, not a diagnostic category.
Which brain structures are mentioned in the context of trauma or panic attacks in the causal modeling of panic disorder?
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Amygdala
What does Klein's suffocation false alarm theory suggest about panic attacks?
- Suggests panic attacks are due to a "physiologic suffocation alarm" mistakenly activated
- Views childhood separation anxiety and sudden loss as precursors to panic disorder (PD)
- Links reduced suffocation alarm threshold to opioidergic dysfunction from early separation anxiety
- Maintains panic attacks are perpetuated by interaction between cognitive and biological factors
- Views childhood separation anxiety and sudden loss as precursors to panic disorder (PD)
- Links reduced suffocation alarm threshold to opioidergic dysfunction from early separation anxiety
- Maintains panic attacks are perpetuated by interaction between cognitive and biological factors
How should treatment be approached for patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia?
- Focuses on external stimuli importance for those with agoraphobia.
- Utilizes exposure to the feared situation.
- Involves cognitive-behavioral therapy.
- Utilizes exposure to the feared situation.
- Involves cognitive-behavioral therapy.
How does sensation of breathlessness relate to panic disorder in this model?
- Sensation of breathlessness can contribute to panic attacks.
What does the Neuroanatomical Hypothesis suggest about contextual information from frightening situations?
- It's stored in the hippocampus and linked to the amygdala.
- Associating contextual factors with previous panic attacks activates the fear network.
- Associating contextual factors with previous panic attacks activates the fear network.
How do pharmacological treatments affect the fear network in the context of panic attacks?
- They affect the sensitive fear network.
- This dampens the vicious circle and prevents panic attacks.
- This dampens the vicious circle and prevents panic attacks.
What cognitive components are associated with panic disorder as per the diagram?
- Conscious catastrophic misinterpretation
- Unconscious catastrophic misinterpretation
- Unconscious catastrophic misinterpretation
What factors can contribute to panic disorder according to the text?
- Early attachment to primary caregivers, traumatic events during childhood.
- Disruptions in attachment to the mother can cause hormone and physical response changes.
- Disruptions in attachment to the mother can cause hormone and physical response changes.
What remains unaffected by pharmacological treatments in PD and what is the consequence?
- The underlying cognitive cause of PD remains unaffected.
- Makes the network susceptible to being triggered.
- Makes the network susceptible to being triggered.
What are the behavioral factors linked to panic disorder according to this diagram?
- Avoidance behavior
- Prior panic attack
- Prior panic attack
What three types of connections does the Neuroanatomical Hypothesis of panic disorder include?
- Causal connections, equivalence indications, interconnections within the fear network.
Why should pharmacological and psychological treatments be considered complementary?
- Pharmacological and psychological treatments are complementary.
- They address different aspects of PD.
- They address different aspects of PD.
When might a cognitive approach not work for PD, and what is required instead?
- Over-activation of the fear network or anxiety sensitivity can hinder cognitive approaches.
- A "normal" biological level should be reestablished before cognitive work.
- A "normal" biological level should be reestablished before cognitive work.
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