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Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders

Q: What is characteristic of healthy individuals in terms of emotional processing biases?

- Healthy individuals tend to have positively biased inferential judgements . - This contrasts with negative biases in emotional disorders.

Q: How do biases in memory and attention manifest in emotional disorders?

- Explicit memory biases favoring negative self-related information in depression. - Bias in attention can occur across different disorders.

Q: What do researchers associate with emotional disorders in relation to attentional bias?

- Attentional bias towards emotionally negative information . - Researchers study this through tasks like the emotional Stroop task .

Q: How do depression and anxiety differ in response to emotional stimuli?

- Depression shows biases for salient negative words when visible. - Anxiety shows effects even when words are masked , preventing awareness.

Q: What is the relationship between anxiety, depression, and attention to facial expressions according to the text?

- Anxiety linked to attention to sad faces , even when not that visible. - Depression associated with avoidance of happy faces .

42 important questions on Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders

What is characteristic of healthy individuals in terms of emotional processing biases?

- Healthy individuals tend to have positively biased inferential judgements.
- This contrasts with negative biases in emotional disorders.

What is associated with emotional vulnerability according to the introduction?

- Processes like worry, emotional reactions to trauma, and depression.
- These processes can increase in a discontinuous manner from subclinical to clinical populations.

How do biases in memory and attention manifest in emotional disorders?

- Explicit memory biases favoring negative self-related information in depression.
- Bias in attention can occur across different disorders.

What do researchers associate with emotional disorders in relation to attentional bias?

- Attentional bias towards emotionally negative information.
- Researchers study this through tasks like the emotional Stroop task.

What are attentional probe methods and what do they reveal about emotional biases?

- They involve presenting stimuli at different locations and measuring response speed.
- Rapid attentional bias in anxiety, more selective in depression.

How do depression and anxiety differ in response to emotional stimuli?

- Depression shows biases for salient negative words when visible.
- Anxiety shows effects even when words are masked, preventing awareness.

What is the relationship between anxiety, depression, and attention to facial expressions according to the text?

- Anxiety linked to attention to sad faces, even when not that visible.
- Depression associated with avoidance of happy faces.

What do Mathews & Mackintosh propose regarding attention to threat cues in anxiety?

- Bottom-up activation involves automatic attention to threats.
- Top-down activation involves voluntary attention shifts to other goals.
- Attentional control systems interact in anxious individuals.

How does attentional bias relate to anxiety, according to research findings?

- Attentional bias towards threats is automatic in those prone to anxiety.
- High-anxious individuals initially focus on threats, then divert attention.
- Poor attentional control may lead to persistent focus on mild threats.

What does autobiographical memory refer to, and how does it manifest in depression?

- Recalls specific past incidents, often asked via a sample probing method.
- Depressed individuals remember emotional negativity despite varied instructions.

What is implicit memory, and how is it affected by prior experiences according to the text?

- Implicit memory influences behavior based on past experiences.
- Memory effects don't rely on intentional retrieval, and affect poor comprehenders more.

What do difficulties in demonstrating memory bias in anxiety suggest?

- Use of word stimuli makes memory bias less apparent.
- Social phobia and panic patients recall criticism well, linking to social recognition.

What are offline and online measures of interpretative bias in emotional disorders?

- Offline measures: self-reported past or future interpretations.
- Online measures: response latencies, with ambiguous contexts affecting anxiety-prone individuals.

What did Mathews and Mackintosh propose regarding attention to threat cues in anxiety?

- Attention to threat cues in anxiety relies on top-down activation of competing representations.
- Initially, anxious participants attend to threat-linked stimuli and later shift attention away.

How do high-anxious and low-anxious groups differ in attentional control per the provided summary?

- High-anxious individuals struggle to disengage from mild threat cues.
- Low-anxious groups shift attention away more efficiently from negative feedback cues.

What is autobiographical memory in the context of anxiety and depression?

- Autobiographical memory is recalling specific incidents from one's life.
- It is often compromised in depression, despite instructions for specific events.

What does implicit memory refer to, and how is it associated with emotional states?

- Implicit memory relates to effects of past experiences on current behavior.
- It is connected to emotional states in anxiety and depression, affecting recall ability.

How can difficulties in demonstrable memory bias in anxiety be explained?

- Use of word stimuli can result in memory bias towards more realistic and emotionally charged information.
- Socially phobic and panic individuals show clear bias for "critical" or "safe" faces.

What does biased interpretation in anxiety and depression entail?

- Biased interpretation involves distorted understanding of ambiguous situations.
- It is common in emotional disorders and involves depression and anxiety.

What are offline and online measures in relation to interpretative bias?

- Offline measures are self-reported interpretations about past or future.
- Online measures involve tasks measuring response latency, revealing bias in ambiguous situations.

What is associated with abnormalities in inhibitory control according to the text?

- Emotional pathology is associated with these abnormalities.
- Directed forgetting and retrieval-induced forgetting paradigms are used to investigate this.

What is a frequent issue in emotional disorders as per the text?

- A frequent issue is compromised inhibitory control leading to a rebound effect involving increased disturbing thoughts.

What should future research focus on according to the document?

- Future research should focus on productive self-control strategies.

What trend is notable in the development of cognitive models of emotional disorders?

- A notable trend is models that suggest emotional disorders arise from interactions among different representational systems.

What do cognitive models suggest about panic disorder (PD)?

- Models suggest that catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily sensations in PD lead to increased panic attacks.

What cognitive characteristic is central to panic disorder?

- Fear of autonomic symptoms is a central cognitive characteristic of panic disorder.

What does the dominant cognitive model of social phobia (SP) suggest?

- It suggests that self-directed attention and attention to positive cues lead to negative self-impression and social anxiety.

What do socially anxious individuals typically do, according to the dominant cognitive model of SP?

- Socially anxious individuals typically avoid faces and react negatively to social feedback.

What has been supported by experiments involving manipulation of imagery content?

- The hypothesis that negative self-imagery can increase anxiety has been supported by these experiments.

What characterizes post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

- PTSD is characterized by intense emotional experiences
- It results in disorganized memory representation

What does the dual-representation model suggest about memory encoding?

- Memories encoded in two systems: verbally and situationally accessible memory
- Traumatic memories poorly integrated in verbally accessible memory

How are cognitive models of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) characterized?

- Characterized by repeated negative thoughts about potential threats
- Differentiates pathological from normal worry

What is the focus of cognitive models of vulnerability to depression?

- Focus on complex issue of cognitive vulnerability to depression
- Include multiple theories like hopelessness and response styles theory

What are the findings from the Temple-Wisconsin project?

- Individuals with highest scores on DAS and CSQ had higher prior depression risk
- Higher-risk individuals had more major depressive self-descriptive adjectives

What does response styles theory suggest about depressive symptoms?

- Suggests rumination on depressive symptoms worsens them
- Associated with patterns of negative cognitive bias and increased vulnerability

What is crucial for understanding emotional pathology according to the text about the causal status of biases in emotional vulnerability?

- Cognitive biases in anxiety and depression crucial for understanding
- Researchers adopt a prospective approach to cognitive interventions

What does the model of PTSD proposed by Ehlers & Clark suggest?

- Suggests negative interpretations of symptoms predict ongoing threat.
- Infers trauma could recur at any time contributing to PTSD severity.

What did the Temple-Wisconsin cognitive vulnerability project observe over five years?

- Observed participants in high and low-risk groups for depression.
- High-risk group showed a higher rate of major depressive disorder.

How can cognitive biases causally affect emotional vulnerability according to the text?

- Induction of interpretation biases and attentional bias impacts emotional experience.
- Emotional processing biases can be induced without eliciting emotions.

What do emotional disorders have in common concerning emotional processing biases?

- Characterized by preferential attention to emotional content cues.
- Emotional processing biases are common across various disorders.

How do emotional processing biases differ among emotional disorders?

- Differ in how threats are processed and in biased retrieval of information.
- Distinct processing styles mediate different emotional disorders.

What might the future of addressing emotional vulnerability entail?

- May involve delinquishment of particular processing styles in emotional disorders.
- Different cognitive profiles are associated with each emotional pathology.

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

Athena samenvatting

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