Summary: Atoms And Radiation
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1 Atoms and Radiation
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Why do radioactive substances decay?
They have an unstable nucleus so the atoms breakdown and give off radiation -
Where does background radiation come from?
Nuclear power, space, radioactive elements in the earth, radon gas, medical treatments -
What is beta radiation and what properties does it have?
Beta radiation is a fast moving electron, it has a charge of -1, it can travel a few metres in air, stopped by thin aluminium, deflected in the opposite direction to alpha particles when passing through a magnetic field, moderately ionising -
What is gamma radiation and what properties does it have?
Gamma radiation is gamma rays, it has no charge, it can travel a few kilometres in air, stopped by thick lead, not deflected by a magnetic field, weakly ionising -
What are uses and dangers of alpha particles?
Used in smoke detectors - ionises air around it to complete a circuit, when smoke enters it absorbs the particles so the circuit is broken and the alarm is set off. Dangers include serious damage to cells if it gets inside your body -
What are uses and dangers of beta particles?
Beta particles are used to measure the thickness of materials as how much beta radiation that is absorbed by the paper can be measured, also used in cancer treatments. Not very penetrating so not dangerous -
What are uses and dangers of gamma radiation?
Used as medical tracers - injected into body, follow progress through body. Used to detect cracks in pipes. Used in cancer treatments. Dangers include ionisation as gamma can penetrate the skin -
What are two common nuclear fuels for nuclear fission?
Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239 -
Describe the stages of nuclear fission
A nucleus absorbs a neuron, the nucleus splits, two daughter nuclei and 2/3 neutrons are released -
How does nuclear fission cause a chain reaction?
The neurons that are released go on to be absorbed by other nuclei, so the process starts over and repeats itself
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