General introduction

15 important questions on General introduction

What is meant with latent peroid?

From initial exposure until start of transmission

What is meant with incubation period?

Time from initial infection until onset clinical disease (fist symptoms)

What is meant with infectious period/period of communicability?

Period during infection and enabling transmission
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What is the influence of less T-cells?

Less t-cells -> more antibodies -> more symptoms

What makes smallpox such infectious?

Incubation period is shorter than latent period (transmission only when symptoms present)

With low level virulence:

Low level virulence -> little impact on host longevity -> little transmission

With high level of virulence:

High level of virulence -> high transmission -> but short lifetime

What is basic reproductive rate?

Number of secondary infections by a case of an infection during entire transmission lifetime when a population is totally susceptible (gevoelig)

What is herd immunity?

The resistance of a population to pathogen transmission because of immunity if a large percentage of the population (e.g. Vaccination)

What is the effective reproduction rate (R)?

R = R0 x %of susceptible individuals in a population

What is herd immunity threashold? HIT

HIT = (R0 -1 / R0)
percentage of a susceptible population that needs to be protected by vaccination to stop an epidemic outbreak

What is meant with incidence/morbidity rate?

How fast it spreads, number of new cases

Where does DALY stand for and what does it mean?

Disability-adjusted-lifeyears = years of healthy life lost (YLD) + years of life lost (YLL)

YLD = I x DW x L
I= disease incidence
L= average duration of the case until remission or death
DW = disability weight (0-1)

What causes the emergence of Infectious Diseases (ID)?

Pathogens (evolving pathogens), source (changing human behaviour) and transmission (changing environment)

What factors cause gain of virulence of pahtogens?

  • Antibiotic resistance (MRSA or superbug)
  • anti-retrovial drugs (HIV)
  • antigenic drift influenza (by mutations)
  • antigenic shift from animals to humans (by rearrangement)

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