Summary: Behavioral Genetics | 9781429205771 | Robert Plomin

Read the summary and the most important questions on Behavioral genetics | 9781429205771 | Robert Plomin ... [et al.].

• 1 Overview

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• What happened when Mendel Looked at two or more traits at the same time

  
  Not only looking at round or wrinkled but also looking at the color. Again you can make a punnet square, This time 4 rows and 4 columns. The proportions were found, were exactly as expected if the traist were all independent --> the likelihood of getting one trait does not affect the likelihood of getting the other trait.
  
  Mendels 2nd law, the law of independent assortment.
  
  The inheritance pattern of one trait will not affect the inheritance pattern of another. This is true in most cases.

• 2 Mendel's laws of heredity

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• Loose or connected earlobes

  This is highly genetic, but it is controlled by many genes. And it is not a mendelian trait.

• Jean baptiste lamarck Law of use and disuse

  A view of evolution before Charles Darwin. Deliberate efforts of an animal could lead to modifications of the body and these modification could be transmitted to the next generation

• Violation of Mendel's second law about independent assortment are imortant to map genes on chromosomes

  
  If the inheritance of a particular pair of genes violates this law, then it must mean that they tend to be inherited together, and thus reside close on the same chromosome --> linkage.
  
  If the genes are not closely located, they will recombine by a process in which chromosomes exchanges parts --> recombination during meiosis. During meiosis each chromosome duplicates to form sister chromatids and these can cross over one another and break and rejoin while exchanging parts.

• Locus (plural loci) / Map unit or cetimorgan

  The probability of recombination between two loci on the same chromosome is a function of the distance between them.
  Locus (plural loci) --> the site of a specific gene on a chromosome.
  The distance between two loci can be estimated by the number of recombination per 100 gametes --> This is called a map unit or centimorgan.
  Linkage analysis is used to identify the location of a gene on a particular chromosome

• Many genetic diseases involve Spontaneous mutations

  
  Which are not inherited from the preciding generation
  
  Do novo mutations --> mutations that do not affect the parent because they occur during the formation of the parent's egg or sperm cell.
  
  These genetic disorders do not conform Mendel's laws.

• 4 DNA: the basis of heredity

• 4.1 DNA

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• There are different types of human cells --> Eukaryotic cells

  
  Human cell --> Eukaryotic cells.
  
  But all cells have some main structural features.
  
  1. Nucleus 2. Cell Membrane protects the cell from the outside / Keeps the structural integrity of the cell. Contain specific proteins that enable communication between cells.
  3. Cytoplasm, the watery content of the cell
  
  4. Mitochondrion energy factor provide energy needed for the cell to function.
  5 chromosomes (structures of highly packed DNA)

• 4.2 Gene expressions

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• How do the two strands of DNA stick to each other?

  The two strands of DNA have a complementary sequence that stick to each other by hydrogen bonds.

• DNA double helix

  
  One turn in the DNA double helix is about 3,4 nm --> pitch (een draai omwenteling)
  The double helix contains minor grooves and major grooves --> Act as base pair recognition and binding sites for proteins.
  This way proteins can position themselves correctly on the DNA to perform certain tasks.
  Radius of the double helix is about 1nm. In each of our cells we have about 2 meters of DNA. That is why DNA is very coiled up in order to fit in our little cells.

• What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?

  Helicases unwind the parental double helix to form the replication fork, separating the two strands of DNA.