Behaviour Analysis
21 important questions on Behaviour Analysis
Stimulus Novelty breakdown
The effect of changing the CS along with its intensity changes learning - but only the rate of learning.
Usually, a familiar CS (so not a novel stimulus) takes longer to acquire asymptote. Novel stimuli condition faster - because of the element of novelty.
How quickly you acquire the association can be affected by the CS.
Latent inhibition: what is the term used for?
A familiar stimulus takes longer to acquire meaning (as a signal or CS), than a new stimulus.
A new stimulus (novel) is faster than a familiar stimulus in acquiring meaning.
Extinction: what and how?
How?:
The CS is presented in the absence of the US.
E.g. Blue light, puff of air - x300,
After: Blue light, no puff of air - x300: Extinction trial
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Comparison of Classical Conditioning to Operant Conditioning.
- Light, then food.
- Just a pairing of stimuli, nothing is required of the rat to get the food.
- No response required.
Operant:
- Light - signalling that behaviour of pushing the lever would bring food.
- Presence of food is dependent on the responding (of the rat).
S-S model (Stimulus-Stimulus model)
And because of this, the association comes to elicit responses related to the Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Activation of the US elicits the UR.
S-S has 2 connections.
If Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is a substitute for Unconditioned Stimulus (US), then expect Conditioned Response (CR) to be effectively identical to Unconditioned Response (UCR). HOWEVER:
- CR is often smaller than UCR
- CR is often less complex
- CR can be the opposite of the UCR (i.e. Compensatory conditioned responses)
Important determining variables of Classical Conditioning: Contiguity vs Contingency
One event being contingent on another is required.
Contiguity and Contingency in a nutshell:
Contingency reflects how often US occurs in the absence of the CS.
Why are reflexes 'not learned' behaviours?
What 'pairing' or 'relationship' is a reflex?
- When an unconditioned stimulus (US) - and an unconditoned response (UR), the relationship is a called a reflex.
- US (food in mouth) draws out UR of salivation - salivation is elicited by US.
What is unconditioned about the UR?
Who formulated the Laws of Reflex?
- Pavlov
- Hothersall
- Sherrington
What is the 1st Law of Reflex?
- The law of the threshold
- Based on the observation that at very weak intensities a stimulus will not elicit a response
- But, as the intensity of the eliciting stimulus increases, there is a point at which the response is elicited
- Thus, there is a point below which no response is elicited and above which a response always occurs.
- The uncertainty region, where roughly 50% of the stimuli that are presented produce a response, is called the threshold.
2nd Law of Reflex
2. The law of intensity-magnitude
- Describes the relationship between the intensity of the eliciting stimulus and the size or magnitude of the elicited response.
- As the intensity of the US increases, so does the magnitude of the elicited UR.
- Upper limits (to consider)
3rd Law of Reflex
- Concerns the time between the onset of the eliciting stimulus and the appearance of the reflexive response.
- Latency is a measure of the amount of time that passes between these two events.
- As the intensity of the US increases, the latency to the appearance of the elicited UR decreases.
- E.g. a strong puff of air will elicit a quick blink of the eye, a weaker puff will also elicit an eye blink, but the onset of the response will be delayed.
What is it between stimuli that research has found to be critical (to be present)?
- Contingency
- Predictiveness
- Correlational
- Thus, the US should occur more frequently when the CS is present than when it is absent - the CS should predict or signal the US.
Why does the conditioned stimulus (CS) - conditioned response (CR) relationship not follow the Laws of Reflex?
- It is specific to the original conditioning
- It involves processes such as respondent discrimination.
What is Spontaneous Recovery the observation of?
Following extinction of the response to respondent level, after some time has passed, the CS will again elicit the CR, and the more time that elapses between the first and second extinction sessions, the more the spontaneous recovery. (Brooks & Bouton, 1993)
'Delayed Conditioning' is the temporal relationship between the presentation of which stimuli?
What does the CS-US interval determine?
- The interval between the onset of the CS and the onset of the US determines the effectiveness of conditioning.
- For autonomic responses - such as salivation, blood pressure, skin temperature, hormone levels and sweat secretion - a CS-US interval of between 5 and 30 s appears to be most effective.
What is Simultaneous Conditioning and why is it not as effective?
This is not as effective as it produces a weaker effect, as the CS isn't acting as predictor or signifier of the occurrence of US.
- researchers have emphasized the predictiveness of the CS as the central feature of classical conditioning (see Rescorla, 1966, 1988).
- ....the CS works because it provides information that “tells” the organism a US will follow.
Predictiveness of the CS is usually required for conditioning, but contiguity or close temporal proximity of CS and US also plays a role.
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