Executieve functies - Executieve functies in de praktijk - The Organization of Executive Functions

8 important questions on Executieve functies - Executieve functies in de praktijk - The Organization of Executive Functions

What are things that the models of executive functions have in common?

1. Broad agreement as to what kinds of things that a model needs to explain.
2. In order to account for this, the different models typically have a common set of core features
3. Almost all models assume that executive functions have a biasing influence rather than dictating to the rest of the brain.

What is hot versus colled processes?

The distinction between the control of affective or reward-related stimuli (hot) versus purely cognitive stimuli (cold) in the lateral PFC of the orbitrofrontal cortex.

What is reversal learning condition?

The same stimuli were presented, but such that the previously rewarded stimuli were no longer rewarded.
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What are explanations for the Iowa Gambling Task?

1. Criterion Sociapathy
2. Failure of reversal learning
3. Delay discounting/temporal discounting: future rewards are valued less than equivalent current rewards.

What is the multiple-demand network?

Refers to a set of brain regions predominantly in the prefrontal cortex that are activated in fMRI studies by a wide set of tasks involving cognitive control and also by the tasks in general relative to a resting baseline.

What is Fluid Intelligence (related to the multiple demand network)?

Relates to problem-solving ability and is tested using measures such as Raven's matrices. This test involves attending to multiple-features of a problem.

This can be contrasted with crystallized intelligence which relies heavily on prior expertise and knowledge and is assessed by measures of IQ such as WAIS.

What is the function of the anterior-most part of the frontal lobes?

Specifically involved when multiple tasks needs to be coordinated.

One of the main models regarding hemispheric specializations of executive functions?

The left leteral PFC is considered relatively specialized for task-setting, whereas the right lateral PFC is relatively specialized for task monitoring, which is linked to the notion of sustained attention and involves keeping on task and maintaining the currently relevant rules.

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