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The animal body

35 important questions on The animal body

What is a organ system

a group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions

Wich four main classified categories of tissues are there?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

What is the function of epithelial tissues?

cover the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body.

Wich shapes of epithelial tissues do we have?

cuboidal (dice-shaped cells specialized for secretion)
columnar (brick-shaped cells often found where secretion or active absorption is important)
squamous (like floor tiles)

What is the arrangement of epithelial cells

simple (single cell layer)
stratified ( multiple tiers of cells)
pseudostratified ( single layer of cells of varying length)

What is the function of connective tissue?

it mainly binds and supports other tissues, it contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix, the matrix consist of fibers in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation.

What is the function of muscle tissue?

it is responsible for nearly all types of body movement

Where does muscle cells consist of ?

filaments of the proteins actin and myosin, which together enable muscles to contract.

Wich three types of muscle cells do we have?

skelatal muscle (or striated muscle, is responsible for voluntary movement)
smooth muscle ( responsible for involuntary body activities)
cardiac muscle (is responsible for contraction of the heart)

What is the function of nervous tissue?

receipt, processing, and transmission of infromation

Where do nervous tissues contain of?

neurons (or nerve cells, that transmit nerve impulses)
glial cells (or glia support cells)

How does the endocrine system control and coordinate a body?

it transmits chemicals signals called hormones to receptive cells throughout the body via blood.

How does the nervous system control and coordinate a body?

transmit information between specific locations

How do animals manage their internal environment?

by regulating (uses internal control mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation).
or conforming (allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes)

Why do organisms use homeostasis?

to maintain a steady state or internal balance regardless of extenral environment

By which four physical processes exchange organisms heat?

radiation warmte van de zon opnemen
evaporation verdamping
convection lucht die langs waait
conduction warmte opnemen vanuit de aarde

What is integumentary system?

the outer covering of a mammal's body, including skin, hair, and nails, claws, or hooves.

Which five adaptations help animals to thermoregulate?

insulation
circulatory adaptations
cooling by evaporative heat loss
behavioral responses
adjusting metabolic heat production

How works circulatory adaptation?

in vasodilation, blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss.
in vasoconstriction, blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss.
(regulation of blood flow near the body surface significantly affects thermoregulation)

What is countercurrent heat exchange?

transfer heat betwee fluids flowing in opposite directions and thereby reduce heat loss.

How works cooling by evaporative heat loss?

sweating or bathing moistens the skin, helping to cool an animal down. panting increases the cooling effects in birds and many mammals.

How works behavioral responses

some terrestrial invertebrates have postures that minimize or maximize absorption of solar heat. ( endotherms and ectotherms use behavioral responses)

How works adjusting metabolic heat production?

thermogenesis is increased by muscle activity such as moving or shivering. (heat production)
nonshivering thermogenesis takes place when hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity.

How is thermoregulation controlled in mammals?

by a region of the brain called the hypothalamus. the hypothalamus triggers heat loss or heat generating mechanisms.

What is the first stage of digestion?

theeth chew food into smaller particles that are exposed to salivary amylase, initiating breakdown of glucose polymers. saliva also contains mucus, a viscous mixture of water, salts, cells and glycoproteins.
the tongue shapes food into a bolus and provides help with swallowing.
the throat, or pharynx, is the junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea
the esophagus connects to the stomach
the trachea (windpipe) leads to the lungs

What is the second stage of digestion?

- the stomach stores food and secretes gastic juice, which converts a meal to acid chime.
- than digestion in the small intestine major organ of digestion and absorption. chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intestine itself

Which stomach dynamics are there?

- coordinated contraction and relaxation of stomach muscle churn the stomach'contents.
- sphincters prevent chyme from entering the esophagus and regulate its entry into small intestine.

What are the chemical digestion in the stomach?

-gastric juice has a low pH of about 2, which kills bacteria and denatures proteins.
-gastric juice is made up of hydrochloric acid (HCL) and pepsin
-pepsin is a protease, or protein-digesting enzyme, that cleaves proteins into smaller peptides.

What kind of pancreatic secretion do we have?

the pancreas produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin that are activated in the lumen of the duodenum.
its solution is alkaline and neutralizes the acidic chyme.
pancreas produces daily 1L pancreatic juice.

What is the function of bile (produced by the liver)?

in the small intestine, bile aids in digestion and absorption of fats.
bile is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
bile also destroys nonfunctional red blood cells.

What kind of functions has the liver?

glucose metabolism
protein metabolism
fat metabolism
detoxification
vitamin metabolism
storage
warmt function
secretion function (gal, bilirubine, ureum)

What kind of small intestine secretion do we have?

epithelial lining of the duodenum produces several digestive enzymes.
the jejunum and ileum function mainly in absorption of nutrient and water.

How works the absorption in the small intestine?

the small intestine has a huge surface area, due to villi and microvilli that are exposed to the intestinal lumen.
the enormous microvillar surface creates a brush border that greatly increases the rate of nutrient absorption.
transport across the epithelial cells can be passive or active depending on the nutrient.

How works the regulation of digestion?

each step in the digestive system is activated as needed.
the enteric division of the nervous system helps to regulate the digestive process
the endocrine system also regulates digestion through the release and transport of hormones.

How works the regulation of energy storage?

the body stores energy-rich molecules that are not needed right away for metabolism.
in humans, energy is stored first in the liver and muscle cells in the polymer glycogen.
excess energy is stored in adipose tissue, the most space-efficient storage tissue.

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

Biology: A Global Approach, Global Edition | 9781292008653 | Jane B Reece, et al

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