The animal body
35 important questions on The animal body
What is a organ system
Wich four main classified categories of tissues are there?
What is the function of epithelial tissues?
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Wich shapes of epithelial tissues do we have?
columnar (brick-shaped cells often found where secretion or active absorption is important)
squamous (like floor tiles)
What is the arrangement of epithelial cells
stratified ( multiple tiers of cells)
pseudostratified ( single layer of cells of varying length)
What is the function of connective tissue?
What is the function of muscle tissue?
Where does muscle cells consist of ?
Wich three types of muscle cells do we have?
smooth muscle ( responsible for involuntary body activities)
cardiac muscle (is responsible for contraction of the heart)
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Where do nervous tissues contain of?
glial cells (or glia support cells)
How does the endocrine system control and coordinate a body?
How does the nervous system control and coordinate a body?
How do animals manage their internal environment?
or conforming (allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes)
Why do organisms use homeostasis?
By which four physical processes exchange organisms heat?
evaporation verdamping
convection lucht die langs waait
conduction warmte opnemen vanuit de aarde
What is integumentary system?
Which five adaptations help animals to thermoregulate?
circulatory adaptations
cooling by evaporative heat loss
behavioral responses
adjusting metabolic heat production
How works circulatory adaptation?
in vasoconstriction, blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss.
(regulation of blood flow near the body surface significantly affects thermoregulation)
What is countercurrent heat exchange?
How works cooling by evaporative heat loss?
How works behavioral responses
How works adjusting metabolic heat production?
nonshivering thermogenesis takes place when hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity.
How is thermoregulation controlled in mammals?
What is the first stage of digestion?
the tongue shapes food into a bolus and provides help with swallowing.
the throat, or pharynx, is the junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea
the esophagus connects to the stomach
the trachea (windpipe) leads to the lungs
What is the second stage of digestion?
- than digestion in the small intestine major organ of digestion and absorption. chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intestine itself
Which stomach dynamics are there?
- sphincters prevent chyme from entering the esophagus and regulate its entry into small intestine.
What are the chemical digestion in the stomach?
-gastric juice is made up of hydrochloric acid (HCL) and pepsin
-pepsin is a protease, or protein-digesting enzyme, that cleaves proteins into smaller peptides.
What kind of pancreatic secretion do we have?
its solution is alkaline and neutralizes the acidic chyme.
pancreas produces daily 1L pancreatic juice.
What is the function of bile (produced by the liver)?
bile is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
bile also destroys nonfunctional red blood cells.
What kind of functions has the liver?
protein metabolism
fat metabolism
detoxification
vitamin metabolism
storage
warmt function
secretion function (gal, bilirubine, ureum)
What kind of small intestine secretion do we have?
the jejunum and ileum function mainly in absorption of nutrient and water.
How works the absorption in the small intestine?
the enormous microvillar surface creates a brush border that greatly increases the rate of nutrient absorption.
transport across the epithelial cells can be passive or active depending on the nutrient.
How works the regulation of digestion?
the enteric division of the nervous system helps to regulate the digestive process
the endocrine system also regulates digestion through the release and transport of hormones.
How works the regulation of energy storage?
in humans, energy is stored first in the liver and muscle cells in the polymer glycogen.
excess energy is stored in adipose tissue, the most space-efficient storage tissue.
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