Animal excretory systems
28 important questions on Animal excretory systems
Why do osmoregulators must expend energy to maintain osmotic gradients?
- how different the animal's osmolarity is from its surroundings.
- how easily water and solutes move across the animal's surface.
-the work required to pump solutes across the membrane.
What are transport epithelia?
What kind of waste do animals have?
some animals convert toxic ammonia to less toxic compounds prior to excretion.
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
For my 1st exam I got a C. Then, I started looking for ways to learn better and I came across Study Smart. Since then I have scored a A+, A, A- and another A. I highly recommend it to everyone who wants to hear it. I am so happy with it!!
I was struggling to finish all my first-year subjects for 3 years. Then I discovered Study Smart, which helped me to finish all of them within 3 months.
Because of StudySmart, things are going well in many ways. Before, I always had study stress and no time for anything. Now I feel calm and confident (because of the program). I used to score a B, now I usually score an A or A+.
Hey Chris, I really want to thank you very much for developing the platform, I usually got around C for my exams, now I scored an A+, an A and a A- !!
Since using Study Smart, my average has increased significantly. I even completed a statistics course with a A+ while I'm bad at statistics. I took on extra courses this year, because of Study Smart. Thanks so much!
Ever since I started studying with StudySmart I passed all my exams !!! No more re-sits!! At first, I was happy with a pass and now I only get good grades. Many thanks!
I aced all the courses I studied with Study Smart. For law, I first scored a D, and now an A! I’m 100% sure that I’ll pass all the courses I study with Study Smart.
I always thought I studied well. My grades were fine. I could never have imagined that applying these study skills would have such a huge and direct impact on my grades, my speed and the pleasure I have in learning.
For the first time, I finally feel totally confident about the way I learn. I have the perfect overview and make great progress in terms of speed and the grades I get. Thanks, Chris!
I immediately started to enjoy learning again, and my grades soared. All of a sudden, everything went better. I highly recommend Study Smart to all students..
Being able to create my materials online made the process of studying so much smoother and quicker. I no longer have to spend a huge amount of my time on creating my summaries.
At first, my notes were a mess. Now I use Study Smart to take my notes in a perfectly structured way. It helps me to save a lot of time and do other things I enjoy.
Students that study with Study Smart get better grades. The system applies all the learning methods in such a way that both well-performing students and students who struggle perform much better.
Hi Chris, I would like to thank you very much. Last year I scored C on a course, and this year I got an A+ thanks to your method! Thank you very much!
The largest effect is that my child is more enthusiastic about school! Every parent wants their children to be happy at school, Study Smart made it happen.
In high school, I failed several exams, and that has really changed now. I actually needed this tool very much back then. Since I started studying with StudySmart, I haven't had any D's. My average score is now an A and those are results I would have never had in the past
With my old method, I passed only 3 out of 8 courses. Since I started taking my notes digitally in Study Smart, I have passed all my courses on the first try. For me, StudySmart takes away the stress of wondering if I will pass or not.
Thanks to StudySmart, I passed all my exams, and with better grades than before! On top of that, I have mastered a very good study method now, which I am confident will help me earn my degree.
Which different kind of animal exctete nitrogenous waste do we have?
- urea: (produced by the liver)terrestrial mammals and many marine species excrete urea. (excreted by the kidneys)
-uric acid: excreted by insects, land snails, reptiles, birds. (does not dissolve readily in water) uric acid is more energetically expensive to produce than urea.
How excretory systems produce urine?
What are the key functions of most excretory systems?
reabsorption: reclaiming valuable solutes
secretion: Adding nonessential solutes and wastes to the filtrate
excretion: processed filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes is released from the body.
Which excretory organs have vertebrates?
What is the structure of the kidneys?
renal cortex, renal medula, renal pelvis
and renal artery (form aorta), renal vein ( from posterior vena cava).
and ureter
What kind of nephron types has a kidney?
What is the function of the bowman's capsule?
What is the function of descending limb of the loop of Henle?
movement is driven by the high osmolarity of the interstitial fluid, which is hyperosmotic to the filtrate.
the filtrate becomes increasingly concentrated.
What is the function of the ascending Limb of the loop of Henle?
What is the function of distal tubule?
the controlled movement of ions (H+ and HCO3-) contributes to pH regulation.
What solutes are filtrated?
Why can only hyperosmotic urine be produced?
Which two primary solutes affect osmolarity?
How is urine concentrated in the mammalian kidneys ( proximal tuble, descending- and ascending limb of loop van Henle, collecting duct, urine)?
descending limb of loop van henle: filtrate solutes become more concentrated due to water leaving the tubule by osmosis.
ascending limb of loop van henle: NaCl diffuses maintains a high osmolarity in the interstitial fluid of the renal medula.
collecting duct: osmosis extracts water from the filtrate as it passes from cortex to medulla and encounters interstitial fluid of increasing osmolarity.
urine producedis isoosmotic to the interstitial fluid of the inner medulla, but hyperosmotic to blood and interstitial fluids elsewhere in the body.
Where is energy expended to actively transport of NaCl form the filtrate?
What is countercurrent miltiplier system?
(maintains a high salt concentration in the kidney).
How does the kidney adapt to diverse envitonments?
How much blood is filtrate every day in the kidneys?
How much urine is produced every day?
What manages the osmoregulatory functions of the mammalian kidney?
What is the function of the osmoregulatory controls?
What does the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) of vasopressin?
What happens with ADH if you drink alcohol?
mutation of ADH production causes severe dehydration and results in diabetes insipidus.
What is renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
How works the RAAS system?
senors in JGA detect decrease and releases renin
(liver produces angiotensinogen) and angiotensin I is formed
than with ACE is angiotensin II formed.
angiotensin II stimulates the release of the hormone aldosterone ( in adrenal gland) wich increases blood volume and pressure. (Na+ and H2O are reabsorbed).
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
