Bio Final
59 important questions on Bio Final
The process by which only individuals with certain inherited characteristics are allowed to breed
-The variation that humans have produced within dogs, ornamental flowers, and many other species illustrates the power of this.... to bring about evolutionary change
The process of splitting one species into two or more species; it results in the diversity of life Earth
-Can be caused by geographic separation, also called geographic isolation
-Over time the separated populations may accumulate so many genetic changes that they are no longer able to reproduce with each other
The slow movement of the Earth's continents over time
-By measuring this, scientists can predict the geographic location of fossils, providing another important line of evidence for evolution
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Refers to the proportion of a population with a particular genotype
*When calculating genotypes, the total number should always add up to 1.0
The sum of all the genetic info. carried by all the individuals in a population
-Can be influenced (changed in a population) by 4 mechanisms:
1) Mutation
2) Genetic Drift
3) Gene Flow
4) Natural Selection
1) DNA-based differences in observable traits make up this in a population
2) DNA variants produced by mutation are known as _____ and make up the genotype of an individual
2) Alleles
The source of all genetic variation and the result of random changes in DNA sequences
*Caused by various accidents such as:
-Mistakes in DNA replication
-Collisions of the DNA molecule with other molecules
-Damage from heat or chemical agents
-Only the ones that occur in an organism's gametes can be inherited
*New mutations that are inherited change the overall genetic composition of a population, resulting in evolution
A random process that can cause the gene pool of a population to fluctuate randomly over time
-May cause individuals with a unique set of characteristics to die off while allowing individuals with different characteristics to survive and reproduce
-More likely to alter the gene pool of a small population than that of a large population
The movement of genes from one population to another
-A population evolves when there is a change in the gene pool through immigration or emigration
A goal-less, nonrandom, directional process that shifts the genetic characteristics of a population in one direction that leads to adaptation over successive generations
-Individuals in a natural population must compete for resources, such as food, mates, and living space, that help them survive long enough to reproduce
-The only mechanism that consistently improves the reproductive success of the organism in its environment
-In order for this to take place, there must be genetic variation and beneficial mutations in the population
Genetic characteristics that enable the individuals to function well in a competitive environment
The evolutionary process by which a population as a whole becomes better matched to its habitat over successive generations
When individuals with intermediate values of an inherited phenotypic trait have an advantage over other individuals in the population
When individuals with either extreme of an inherited phenotypic trait have an advantage over individuals with an intermediate phenotype
-Fairly uncommon
When individuals differ in inherited characteristics that affect their ability to get mates
-Favors in individuals that are more fit for mating
-Can lead to SEXUAL DIMORPHISM, which means that males and females are distinctly different in appearance
A strain of staphylococcus that carries genes that make it resistant to most antibiotics
-Kills 20 percent of those who are infected
-Common in medical settings where antibiotics are used frequently; they select for antibiotic resistance
-Antibiotic-resistant genes can come from common mutations
-These genes can be transferred from other strains of bacteria, called plasmids, in a process called lateral gene transfer
-Group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another
-In nature
-Produce fertile offspring
(Does not apply to asexual species and fossil species)
1) Anything that prevents interbreeding between closely related species
2) prior to fertilization
3) after fertilization
4) Zygotes from 2 species
2) Prezygotic barrier
3) Postzygotic barrier
4) Hybrids
1) Skunk species that mate at different times
2) Garter snake species from different habitats
3) Mating ritual of blue-footed boobies
4) Snail species whose genital openings cannot align
5) Sea urchin species whose gametes cannot fuse
6) Frail hybrid salamander offspring
7) Mule (sterile hybrid of horse and donkey)
8) Sterile next-generation rice hybrid
2) habitat isolation
3) behavioral isolation
4) mechanical isolation
5) gametic isolation
6) reduced hybrid viability
7) reduced hybrid fertility
8) hybrid breakdown
Geographic barrier separates population, blocks gene flow
No geographic barrier, new species arises within existing population, uses reproductive barriers other than geography
Refers to the history of life on earth in the strata (layers) of sedimentary rock... the deeper the strata, the older the fossils it contains
By using these methods to age each layer, and by correlating the fossils in those layers around the world, a geologic time scale, dividing earth's life history into sequences of periods has been developed
Earlier, longest, pro- and eukaryotic life began. Life started after earth cooled down over about a billion years
-Diverse algae and soft-bodied invertebrate animals appear
-Oldest animal fossils
-Oldest eukaryotic fossils
-Oxygen begins accumulating in atmosphere
-Oldest fossils known (prokaryotes)
-Approximate time of origin of earth
Cambrian explosion, land colonization, mass extinctions
-Permian
-Carboniferous
-Devonian
-Silurian
-Ordovician
-Cambrian
Gymnosperms, Angiosperms, Dinosaurs die at Cretaceous period
-Cretaceous
-Jurassic
-Triassic
Modern times, mammals speciate, primates appear
-Quaternary
-Tertiary
The earth's thin crust floats on hot viscous molten rock. Each plate has 'hotspots' where volcanic activity adds new crust continually
Spots where one plate sinks under another, or crashes into it. The plates are still moving.
-Has allowed the supercontinent Pangea to form and reform several times
-Isolation of this allowed speciation of marsupials in Australia
Continents have merged and separated, and redistributed life on the land masses. This study of distribution of life and its is causes is....
Evolutionary biology linked to developmental biology
*small changes in genes controlling developmental pattern have drastic effects
The retention of juvenile characteristics generates salamanders
Science of classification and determination of evolutionary relationships (building family trees)
Family tree-evolutionary relationships
*The hierarchical relationships of the linnaean classification system should be reflected in phylogeny
Similar environment selecting adaptations that look similar in unrelated organisms produces analogous characters
Grouping by homologous characters (inferring ancestral relatedness. A clade is an ancestor and all its descendants... a branch
Arises upon combination, but not found in components
What life is
1) synthesis of small organic monomers
2) formation of macromolecules
3) packaging into pre-cells
4) self-replicating molecules
Miller-Urey experiments... add heat and pressure to gases like those in early earth atmosphere
Result: all amino acids, nucleotides, sugars, glycerol, fatty acids
Hydrothermal vents also create environment where organics form meteors may be source for some organics
Organic monomers dropped onto hot rocks spontaneously bond together to make polymers
Fatty acids spontaneously form loose membrane structure, isolating an internal environment.
These pre-cell membranes can divide when physical force is applied
RNA polymers spontaneously align using complimentary base pairing RNA can form functional 'ribozymes' RNA probably was first genetic material
3 basic shapes: bacilli, cocci, spirilli
mostly unicellular, or clusters, few colonial
mostly tiny
mostly mobile, using flagella
colonies form biofilms on surface
binary fission for cell division, very rapid
endospores protect from desiccation and temperature changes
Breakdown of organic life and waste products
Extreme environments: thermophiles, halophiles, methanophiles
Extremely abundant in all environments
Some pathogenic
exotoxins- secreted toxins
endotoxins- part of outer wall
Domain Bacteria
Formed by endosymbiosis 2 million years ago
Eukaryotic
Mostly unicellular, some colonial, a few multicellular
Algae and cyanobacteria-autotrophic
Parasites- absorptive heterotroph live wherever water present
Flagellated, ciliated or amoeboid movements can be parasitic
Multicellular, amoeboid motion, important
Multicellular marine algae
Supportive tissues, that protect cells from collapsing under their weight
(lignin and cellulose)
Supportive stem to hold and present photosynthetic surfaces
Mechanism to exchange CO2 gas from air
Absorptive supporting tissues
Fungal association that increases absorption
1) Egg stays in maternal tissue rather than shed
2) Zygote develops in maternal tissues rather than free-living
3) Sperm transport mechanism in air on a pollen grain
1) Charophytes- Close relatives to terrestrial plant had none of the adaptations of typical land plants
2) Earliest land invasion 470 may
3) Advantages: abundant C02, sunlight, no predators, few pathogens, no competition for resources
4) Not all adaptations arose at same time
The green algal ancestors of plants
Protect embryo in cone, highly protected from drying out.
Seed germinates if conditions favorable
Distributed by the wind, spread conifers across the landscape
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