Case 6; Horse - aantekeningen
25 important questions on Case 6; Horse - aantekeningen
(true or false) the ancestor of all equidae had 4 toes?
Which gaits does the horse use when it has a speed of 4.5 m/s
In evolution the horse had 3 major chages, which 3?
2. From four-toed to single-toad -> the modern horse has one hoof on the strongly enlarged middle toe and merely shows to stumps where there used to be a second and fourth toe
3. The animal has spread geographically
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What is the 7 lifestyle of the wild horse?
2. Adapted teeth showing wear and continuously growing roots
3. Single stomach with highly specialized cecum and colon
4. Herd animals, with a hierarchy
5. Excellent sight, smell and hearing
6. Gestation period of 11 months
7. Nursing period of 7 months or more
What is a studbook (horses)
'open' studbook -> allows addition of foreign blood to improve the breed
'closed' studbook -> values pure breeds and does not allow horses from other breeds
What can you tell me about the skeleton of a horse?
- An important characteristic of vertebrates is the presence of the vertebral column (spine) -> an elongated structure that consists of articulating bony elements (vertebrae)
- the spine supports the system of bones and joints
- the skeleton protects the:
1. vulnerable organs
2. provides surfaces of attachment for the muscle
3. plays an important role in locomotion due to its many levers
The postcranial (behind the head) skeleton consists of?
an appendicular part -> is formed by the bones and the joints of the shoulder- and pelvic girdle and by the limbs
What can you tell me about the muscles of a horse?
there are 3 types of muscle tissue:
1. Cardiac muscle -> is found in the heart and functions involuntarily
2. Smooth muscle -> is involuntary and is found in internal organs and blood vessels
3. Skeletal muscle -> is attached to the skeleton. It allows for the voluntary movement of bones and joints and are therefor highly important for locomotion
What does in vitro research mean?
- downside: it shows the way a muscle can act, but this does not mean that it will act the same way in a natural situation
The body can be analysed in which two ways?
2. Regional approach -> Divides the body into regions that can be seen externally and analyses the form and relations of organs per region
The body of a horse can be diveded in which three sections?
-> carries most of the weight, centre of gravity closer to front legs
2. The barrel -> includes the back and the belly, measured from the withers to the hips
3. The hindquarters -> include the croup, the hind legs, the hips, the buttocks and the tail
What can you tell me about the head of the horse?
- the expression of the face is determined by:
1. Ears -> express its personality and temperament
-> active/alert - ears toward new sounds
-> aggressive/unfriendly - ears backwards, parallel to the neck
2. Eyes -> not clear which characteristics match a certain personality trait
3. Jawline
4. Shape of lips -> important role in each other's smell recognition
5. Size nostrils -> important role in each other's smell recognition
The leg of a horse consist of 6 structures
2. The withers and the height at withers
3. The upper arm: humerus
4. The forearm: radius and ulna
5. Extremities of the forearm
6. The hoof
What can you tell me about the shoulder of a horse?
- The shoulder is diagonally descending into the body, because of the posture on four legs. This position allows for freedom and elasticity in the movement
- the shoulder makes sure that the body remains stable between the two front legs
- a collarbone is not present in horses, as this would strongly restrict the movement of the front legs
What can you tell me about the upper arm: humerus of the horse
- the humerus is shorter then the radius (forearm) and is placed diagonally
- the length of the humerus determines the force and speed of the horse's movement -> longer humerus correlates to longer muscles, so higher speed can be reached
What can you tell me about the forearm: radius and ulna of a horse
- the radius is the main structure of the forearm and runs from the elbow to the carpal (wrist)
- radius should have a perfectly vertical position below the body to be able to efficiently support the weight
-> long radius: contributes to higher speed, because longer muscles and larger steps
-> short radius: beneficial for lifting the knee up high and producing more traction
What can you tell me abiout the digestion of the horse?
- horses are barely able to vomit, as the muscles between the oesophagus (slokdarm) and stomach are very strong
- toxic substances are not broken down in the stomach and can go through the small intestine into the circulatory system
- the caecum (appendix) is relatively large and functions as a fermentation vessel. It has a large microbial population that breaks down cellulose from plant cell walls
What can you tell me about the pelvis of the horse?
- consist of two halves, each of them consisting of three elements:
1. The ilium
2. Ischium
3. Pubic bone
- the midline of the two pelvic halves are connected to the lumber vertebrae of the spinal column through the lumbo-sacral joint = the croup
What can you tell me about the femur of the horse?
- only the end is clearly visible under the flank
- one of the strongest and heaviest bones
What can you tell me about the stiffle joint of the horse?
- forms the hinge between the femur and tibia
- provides the horse with the ability to absorb concussion
What can you tell me about the hock of the horse?
- equivalent to a human ankle- made up of three rows of tarsal bones (voetwortelbeentjes)
1. Tuber calcaneus -> here the Achilles tendon attaches
2. Trochlea
3. Talus -> the joint between the talus and tibia provides mobility to the hock
- other joints are most likely important to absorb concussion and the propulsive forces generated in the hind limb
What can you tell me about the gaits of a horse?
- gaits include: walk, trot, and canter
- gaits differ from each other in placement of the legs, rythem and contact time of the legs with the ground
What can you tell me about the gait 'walk' of the horse?
- three types of walks recognized:
1. Medium walk -> energetic and regular walk
2. Collected walk -> steps are shorter, the hindquarters are engaged (more self-carriage)
3. Extended walk -> while maintaining regularity, steps are longer, and the entire frame of the horse is elongated
What can you tell me about the gait 'trot' of the horse?
- four types of trot are recognized:
1. Working trot -> has active, rhythmical and balanced steps, with impulsion derived from the hindquarters. Feed are tracking up or over-tracking
2. Collected trot -> the frame of the horse compresses, steps are shorter, higher and more energetic
3. Medium trot -> between working and extended trot, with moderately lengthened strides
4. Extended trot -> long elevated strides and maximum suspesion
What can you tell me about the gait 'canter' of a horse?
- momentum carries the horse forward and helps to maintain balance
- the same four types are recognised as in trot
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