Case 3; nutrition
21 important questions on Case 3; nutrition
By which is the energy yield for the animal determined?
What can you tell me about the chemical cycles (burning via metabolism)
- at each step, part of energy stored in energy-rich bounds and part lost as heat
- energy-rich compounds provide in turn the energy for the formation of new compounds and for the initiation of metabolic reaction
-> adenine, ribose and AMP/ADP/ATP
What is the advantage of the step-by-step loss of energy?
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What can you tell me about ATP (yield)?
- energy stored in ATP is used for metabolic processes
- the contribution of ATP to the metabolism is not constant, but depends on the step in the synthesis processes in which ATP is used
What can you tell me about if there is a shortage of energy intake?
-> these stocks are build up and supplemented in periods of food overtake
- the energy supply consist mainly of fat
- the animal body only has a small supply of carbohydrates in the form of glucose and glycogen
-> this is readily available, but quickly exhausted
- the rapid availability of this energy gives an organism time to adapt to the mobilisation of fat
- if fat supply is also inadequate, body protein will be used as fuel
What can you tell me about trace elements (micro-elements)?
How do birds eat there food (and swallow)?
- this is pear-shaped protrusion of the oesophagus, with as main function a temporary storage of the food to allow a gradual passage to the stomach ed
How do fish eat there food (and swallow)?
- most fish more or less suck the food in with the water. The food is then filtered through the gills on the side of the month and then disappears into the oesophagus
- predatory fish do have teeth; usually, these are directed backwards. They pick up the prey in one go or grasp the pray with their teeth and with movements of their entire body pull pieces loose that are then swallowed
What is a compartmented stomach?
- consist of three forestomachs (rumen --> reticulum --> omasum -) and the actual stomach (-> abomasum)
- the rumen and reticulum together form one large reservoir
- the omasum located behind it functions as a kind of lock, it absorbs fluid and allows the smaller feed components to pass to the abomasum
- the coarser parts are retained and remain in the rumen and reticulum to continue fermenting
What can you tell me about the forestomachs? (1)
- rumen, reticulum, omasum- combined capacity of 80 to 150 litres, thus occupying a large part of the abdominal cavity
- large numbers of bacteria and protozoa
- microbial mass consists of archaea and fungi
What can you tell me about rumen mobility?
- by regularly returning the feed to the mouth and ruminating, the ruminant reduces and crushes the coarser feed components, making te material increasingly accessible to the micro-organisms in the forestomachs
What can you tell me about volatile faaty acids ands what are the most important in the rumen?
- most important in the rumen:
1. Acetic acid -> This production is highest in rations with a lot of fibre-rich material
-> in high-concentrate rations with a lot of sugar or starch from grains, the production of acetic acid decreases and that of the other acids increases
2. Propionic acid
3. Butyric acid
- the organic acids formed are mainly absorbed through the rumen wall into the blood and thus form the most important energy source
What can you tell me about the pH in the rumen?
- rumen almost always has a pH between 6-7
-> not a drop in pH due to the large saliva production
-> Also due to the fact that fatty acids from the rumen are continuously taken up by the rumen wall into the blood
What are the functions of the forestomachs? (2)
- mixing organ
- fermentation vessel
-> degradation of crude fibre and other components
-> synthesis of microbial proteins
-> production of volatile fatty acids
-> synthesis of B vitamins
- resorption of feed ingredients and volatile fatty acids
What can you tell me about the stomach of poultry?
- crop -> proventriculus -> gizzard
- proventriculus -> produces the digestive juices
- gizzard -> covered with a horny layer around which there is a thick muscle layer
-> the gizzard grinds the food and mixes it with the digestive juices (to stimulate this, the animal takes up small peddles that function as milling stones in the gizzard)
-> the gizzard compensates for the lack of teeth
What can you tell me about the small intestine?
- is the digestive organ par excellence
- emulsifiers and digestive enzymes are added to the food slurry
- the protrusions of the intestinal mucosa increase the surface of the intestinal wall and thus the absorption capacity of the intestine
- In the small intestine:
-> The carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides (glucose, galactose and fructose)
-> The proteins are hydrolysed to amino acids
-> the fats to fatty acids and glycerol
What are digestive enzymes?
- the available digestive enzymes provide the hydrolysis of the various feed components into small particles which pass passively or through active transport systems through the intestinal wall and are absorbed into the blood or lymph fluid
What is the function of the pancreas?
What can you tell me about the large intestine?
- colon -> Anaerobic microorganisms ferment the remaining digestible feed components into volatile fatty acids
-> Because of the fermentation, horses, pigs and rabbits can digest plant cell walls
- volatile fatty acids and B vitamins are absorbed through the wall f the large intestine and utilised
in ruminants:
- large intestine plays a subordinate role
- salts and water are partially extracted from the food slurry and absorbed via the intestinal wall
- through specific movements of the large intestine and depending on the water content, specific forms arise in which the faeces are excreted
What is meant by feed value?
What is the Weende analysis method?
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