Summary: Biology

Read the summary and the most important questions on Biology

• 1 Breathing and Respiration

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• Structure of the respiratory system

  Larynx- Voice box
  trachea- Main air passage
  bronchus- tube that leads directly to the lung
  bronchioles- narrow and branching to carry air to different parts of lung
  alveoli- where gaseous exchange takes place.
  pleural membrane- surround lungs and prevent from rubbing against ribs.
  pleural calvitiy- contains lubricating fluid
  ribs- protect hearts and lungs
  intercostal muscle- contract to raise and lower ribs during breathing
  diaphragm- muscle raises and lowers to help air move in and out lungs

• Five properties of a good respiratory system?

  Have a large surface area- tennis court alveoli- more oxygen can pass to blood.
  Be thin- alveoli walls 1 cell thick- so gasses can diffuse through.
  Have a good blood supply- covered in capillaries- oxygen can easily get into blood cells.
  Be moist- covered in wet sticky mucus- gases can dissolve and diffuse easily across.
  Be ventilated- alveoli fill when we breathe- otherwise no oxygen would get in from outside world.

• What is energy for respiration used for in plants

  Active transport of minerals into the plant roots
  growth
  reproduction
  building new materials 

• What is the energy from respiration used for in animals?

  making muscles contract
  keeping warm
  growth
  making new substances
  active transport

• What are the disadvantages of anaerobic respiration

  inefficient
  muscle cramps
  oxygen debt

• What are the 5 effects of exercise on the body?

  You breathe faster 
  you breathe deeper 
  your heart beats faster 
  stroke volume increases 
  sweat

• What is the effect on training on athletic performance?

  Muscles get stronger
  Stroke volume increases 
  lung capacity increases
  takes longer to switch to anaerobic respiration

• Yeast anaerobic equation

  glucose --> co2 + ethanol + energy
  A.K.A Fermentation

• What is the effect of temperature on respiration rate in yeast?

  As the temp increases, so does the rate of anaerobic respiration until it reaches a peak. Above this temp the rate of rest declines as respiration is an enzyme controlled reaction. As temp increases enzymes work more efficiently up to an optimum temp. Above this temp, the enzymes are denatured and resp stops.

• 2 Adaptation

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• What are the 7 adaptations of prey

  Eyes on the side of their head (360)
  Acute senses
  Armour
  Speed
  Camouflage 
  Poison
  Nocturnal