Mechanisms of Perception: Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste and Attention - Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
9 important questions on Mechanisms of Perception: Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste and Attention - Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
What are Mach Bands?
Bands, that enhance the contrast at each edge and therefore make the edge easier to see.
What were the 4 commonalties that Hubel and Wiesel found when comparing the retinal ganglion cells, cells from the lateral geniculate neurons and the striate neurons from Cortical Layer IV?
1. The receptive fields in the foveal area of the retina were at each level smaller than those at the periphery. Consistent with the fact that the fovea mediates high acuity vision.
2. All the neurons have circular receptive fields.
3. All neurons were monocular; each neuron had a receptive in one eye, but not in the other.
4. Many neurons at each level had receptive fields that comprised an excitatory and an inhibitory area; separated by a circular boundary.
Where do on and off-center cells respond best to?
Contrast! When only one of the fields is shone upon (center or periphery) the contrast is maximized. It will have maximal response if one of the two fields is shone upon, and the other not.
If both are shone upon, no maximum inhibitory or excitatory effect is observed.
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In Lower Layer IV of the Striate Cortex, the cells are a bit different than from the LGN or RetGanCel. In what classes can these cells be divided to?
1. Simple Cells.
2. Complex Cells.
What are the characterisitcs of Simple Cells in the Striate Cortex?
They have on/off regions and are monocular. However, unlike the other cells, they do not have a circular receptive field. Their receptive fields are straight lines, or rectangular.
Simple cells respond maximally when its preferred straight-edge stimulus is in a particular position and orientation.
In what 5 aspects do complex cells differ from simple cells?
1. They have larger receptive fields than simple cells.
2. They have no static on/off regions.
3. They are not location-sensitive.
4. They are sensitive to movement.
5. Many are binocular.
How does the binocularity of complex cells work?
Both eyes of the receptive fields have almost the same position in the visual field, as well as the same orientation preference.
If both eyes are stimulated simultaneously, the binocular cells fires more robustly.
Most binocular cells display some occular dominance; one eyes responds more robust to than they do in the other eye.
Some cells respond best to retinal disparity: they fire best when presented to both eyes at the same time but in different positions on the retinas. This may occur for depth perception.
To what two conclusions led the previous section?
1. Signals from neurons with lower receptive fields flow to those with more complex receptive fields.
2. Primary visual cortex neurons are grouped in functional vertical columns.
What is the difference between the horizontal and vertical electrode track in the primary visual cortex?
1. Vertical: all neurons have receptive fields in the same general area of the visual field.
Horizontal: position of receptive fields shifts systematically as the electrode advances
2. Vertical: Simple and complex cells prefer straight-line stimuli in same orientation.
Horizontal: Orientation of neurons shifts as the electrode advances.
3. Vertical: All monocular neurons in this column are dominated by by the same eye
Horizontal: The electrode advances through left and right-eye dominance.
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