Hormones and Sex - Neuroendocrine System
11 important questions on Hormones and Sex - Neuroendocrine System
There are two classes of glands; what do they do and what are they called?
1. Exocrine glands; release chemicals into ducts, which carry them to their targets.
2. Endocrine glands; release hormones into the circulatory system.
What are the three classes of vertebrate hormones?
1. Amino acid derivative hormones.
2. Peptide/protein hormones.
3. Steroid hormones.
What do steroid hormones do?
They influence sexual development and adult sexual behavior. They are small and fat-soluble so they can readily penetrate cell membranes and therefore directly influence gene expression. They also have the most diverse and long-lasting effect on cellular function.
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What are the three classes of sex steroids released by the gonads?
1. Androgens; testosterone is the most common of androgens.
2. Estrogens; estradiol is the most common estrogen.
3. Progestins; progesterone is the most common progestin.
What does progesterone do in men/women?
Men: Unclear.
Women: Prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy.
What are tropic hormones?
Hormones who have the primary function to influence the release of other hormones from other glands.
What are the two glands of which the pituitary gland is made up and what are their primary functions?
1. Posterior Pituitary; Responsible for the two major hormones; Vasopressin and Oxytocin.
2. Anterior Pituitary; Releases tropic hormones (so more the mastergland).
What is the main difference between the endocrine function of men and women?
In women, the levels of gonadal and godanotropic hormones go through a 28-day cycle. In men release of gonadal hormones are steady.
What controls the pituitary and how?
The hypothalamus seems to control the anterior pituitary. But the anterior pituitary receives no neural input from the hypothalamus or any other neural structure, so control does not go through neurons.
What are the main hypothalamic hormones that exert different effects on anterior pituitary hormones?
1. Releasing hormones; stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones.
2. Release-inhibiting factors; inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones.
What is meant by 'Pulsatile Hormone Release'?
It is meant that hormones are released in pulses, and that there are large minute-minute fluctuations.. it is not released in a constant matter, as one might expect.
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