Kinetics and stoichiometry Introduction
36 important questions on Kinetics and stoichiometry Introduction
What defines the specific growth rate of cells?
- Cell mass production rate
- Amount of cell mass in the reactor
- Used for calculating growth rates in various conditions
What is the rate-limiting component for growth?
- Known as the rate-limiting component
- Could be reactants or heat
- Example: sugar can limit specific growth rate
What are the three types of products in biotechnology?
1. Luxury products
- Non-essential for cell growth
- - Examples: penicillin, citric acid
- Essential compounds
- - Examples: whole cells, cell wall fragments
- Waste products
- - Examples: ethanol, lactic acid
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How do conditions affect anabolite production?
- Excess nitrogen or sugar may enhance production
- Accumulation of storage products like glycogen or starch
- Genetic modification impacts protein output
What is the specific anabolite formation rate principle?
- Initially proposed by Blackman in 1915
- Applies to plant growth
What is the method to calculate the production rates of catabolites?
- Determine amount of anabolites produced
- Measure luxury products generated
- Calculate rates from carbon and energy source(s)
How can specific production rates of luxury products be calculated?
- Specific product formation rate for many proteins is one method
- Consider using the Luedeking-Piret model for various luxury products
What are the three purposes for which chemo-organotrophic cells use their energy source?
- Anabolism - for synthesis of cell components.
- Luxury products - for synthesis beyond basic needs.
- Maintenance - for repair, maintaining gradients, and survival activities.
Who was the first to describe the relationship between energy usage in cells with Pirt's law?
What does Herbert's law state regarding energy usage in cells?
How did Herbert conduct his experiments compared to Pirt?
What is the significance of yield in bioengineering according to Herbert's law?
- Theoretical yields are higher than observed yields
- Observed yield is measured cell mass on sugar
- Pirt's law relates observed and theoretical yields
What are the simplifications made in overall reaction equations?
- Ignoring all reactions, transport processes, and regulation mechanisms separately
- Excluding reactants and products in small amounts
What is the primary function of the fungus in relation to citric acid?
- Produces citric acid.
- Uses sugar as a carbon and energy source.
- Excretes citric acid when high sugar and low oxygen are available.
- Acts as a chemo-heterotroph.
What substrates does the fungus utilize for its metabolic processes?
- Sugar for carbon and energy.
- Ammonia as the nitrogen source.
- Oxygen as an electron acceptor.
How does the fungus's reaction in the bioreactor simplify the identification of components?
- Easy calculation of rates.
- Negative numbers indicating reactants.
- Positive numbers signifying products.
What are the components produced by the fungus during its metabolic processes?
- Cells
- Citric acid
- Carbon dioxide
- Water
- Heat
How can atom balances be represented for the specific reaction?
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
What is the necessity of additional equations in a production rate analysis?
- Three additional equations are required.
- - They can include Monod's law (or similar).
- - Necessary if the cell involves components with atoms other than C, H, O, and N.
- - Add atom balances for other relevant atoms like sulphur or phosphorous.
How does the electron balance streamline the process of finding production rates?
- It integrates atom balances effectively.
- - Avoids solving each atom balance separately.
- - Utilizes the degree of reduction to quantify electrons.
- - Enables calculation of electron acceptor production rates from redox reactions.
What laws can be applied to include maintenance in electron balance analysis?
- Use Pirt’s law or Herbert’s law.
- - These laws help consider maintenance in the production rates.
- - Combining them with electron balance enhances accuracy in evaluations.
What does Pirt’s law describe regarding energy source uptake and oxygen uptake rates?
- Energy source uptake rate
- Oxygen uptake rate
- Production rate of fermentation products
- Rate calculations for carbon dioxide and water production with atom balance
How does the electron balance help in bioreactor oxygen supply issues?
- Reverse translate maximum oxygen consumption
- Determine maximum cell production rate
- Address limiting factors in bioreactors
What complications arise when using electron balance with different acceptors?
- Nitrate in denitrification
- Sugars in anaerobic fermentation
How should negative and positive charges be treated in reactants or products?
- Increase degree of reduction by 1 for each negative charge
- Decrease degree by 1 for each positive charge
What is the standard definition of the degree of reduction based on?
- Specific linear combination of atom balances
- Summary of atoms: 4 = 0, 2 = 0, -2 = 0, -3 = 0
- Final summation yields: (4 + 2 - 2)
What is the role of NAD(P)H 2 + in biological systems?
- Electron transport within cells
- Preventing premature reactions
- Balancing energy and carbon usage
- Facilitating cellular processes without loss
What causes the formation of overflow products in cells?
- Excess carbon and energy sources
- Lack of adequate oxygen or nitrogen
- Imbalance in nutrient availability
- Specific microbial metabolic pathways
How can the production rate of overflow products be estimated?
- Calculating conversion rates from component balances
- Applying Pirt’s law or Herbert’s law
- Utilizing electron and atom balances
- Evaluating rates for various components
What is an example of an overflow product and the reason for its production?
- Fungi under low oxygen conditions
- Inadequate use of supplied sugar
- Metabolic shifts in carbon flow
- Reaction involving 7 components
How is energy balance calculated in processes?
- Enthalpy balance for reactions
- Tables of formation enthalpies
- Differences between products and reactants
- Arbitrary frame of reference selection
What is a necessary consideration when using enthalpy measurements?
- They reflect differences, not individual enthalpies
- Use of various reactions to extract data
- Selection of an arbitrary reference point
- Conventional values set at standard conditions
What is the basis for using enthalpies of combustion?
- Enthalpy of elements is zero.
- Enthalpies of liquid water and gaseous carbon dioxide as combustion products are zero.
- Benefits:
- Excludes water and carbon dioxide from balances.
- - Yields a positive number for exothermic reactions.
How do combustion reactions with oxygen behave in terms of heat generation?
- They generate a consistent amount of heat per mole of electrons.
- Average heat generation is 115 kJ mol-1 of electrons transferred.
- Provides a quick estimate for reaction heat in aerobic reactions.
What are the advantages of using enthalpy of combustion in calculations?
- No need to include water and carbon dioxide in enthalpy balance.
- Ensures a positive value for reaction heat in exothermic reactions.
- Easily accessible values in handbooks and online resources.
What is the significance of enthalpy in reaction heat calculations?
- Balance of internal energy for reactants and products
- Energy from molecular movements, rotations, vibrations
- Energy stored in chemical bonds
- Work done due to volume changes
- Improved heat production in constant volume systems
- Relevance in bioreactors for gas production
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