Summary: Brein En Cognitie 3

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• 1 introduction (GEEN TENTAMENSTOF)

• 1.1 hoofdstuk 3

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• What does the scientific method include

  Observe > hypothesize > predict> test experimentally

• What is the principle of the field of cognitive psychology

  that We do not directly perceive and act in the world but our perceptions, thoughts and actions depend on internal transformations or computations.

• How is mental representations demonstrated in a letter-matching task by Michael Posner?

  Participants press one of two buttons to indicate if two letters belong to the same or different categories. The definition of same and different is manipulated across different blocks of the experiment.

• What is the outcome of the letter-matching task

  Participants respond fastest to the physical identity condition, and slowest to the same category condition especially when the two letters are both consonants

• The results of posner's experiment suggest that we derive multiple representations of stimuli

  1. Physical (e.g. Visual)
  2. Identity (e.g. A, a and a) 
  3. Category (e.g. Vowell)

• What does Posner state about the different repsonse latencies

  They reflect the degrees of processing required to perform the letter-matching task. We therefore infer those physical representations are activated first, phonetic representations next and then category representations

• What do they mean with the internal transformations (at cognitive approach)

  Cognitive psychology is all about how we manipulate representations. They undergo internal transformations. Taking action often requires that we translate perceptual representations into action representations

• What kind of experimental task did Sternberg introduce

  A experimental task which compares sensory information with representations that are active in memory

• How does sternberg experimental task work

  His memory comparison task presented the participant with a set of one, two, or four letters and asked them to memorize those letters. After a delay, a single probe letters appears and the participant has to indicate whether the presented letter belongs to the memory set

• According to steinberg, the participant must engage in four primary mental operations. Which are these?

  1. Encode: the participant must identify the visible target
  2. Compare: the participant must compare the mental representation of the target with the representations of the items in memory 
  3. Decide: the participant must decide whether the target matches on the memorized items
  4. Respond: the particpant must respond appropriately for the decision made.