Defining Strategy

18 important questions on Defining Strategy

What are the characteristics of the design school?

1. SWOT analysis matrix; optimal use of it
2. Strategy should be based on conscious thought and analysis that denies the possibility of spontaneous emerging strategies
3. Separation of thinkers and doers within an organisation, CEO is responsible
4. Strategy is an iterative process
5. Strong focus on context and content
6. Strategy that emerges is unique, not generic

What is the planning school?

Prescriptive school that puts emphasis on planning becoming its own goal. Strategy is like a recipe, and should be a sequence of rigorously executed steps.

What are the characteristics of the planning school?

1. Supported by internal and external audits, such as checklists, diagrams and models
2. Built around collection of models/techniques to guide strategy process and make it accessible
3. 'Numbers games' - budgets, programs and operating plans (discredited because does not improve a firm's performance)
4. Strong focus on process (of the 3 dimensions)
5. CEO responsible for overall process, strategic planners for content (engineering the design)
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What is the positioning school?

Prescriptive school that entails a choice for a position in the industry, by choosing a generic strategy.

What is the structure-conduct-performance notion?

The notion that the structure of an industry determines the behaviour of the firms, which then determines the industry's performance.

On what factors does the structure of an industry depend?

1. Consumer demand
2. Government policy
3. Competition

What are the characteristics of the entrepreneurial school?

1. Focus on leadership, vision and creative destruction
2. Focus on individuals with a business proposition and suggests explanations of how strategy unravels when talented and creative leaders come up with innovative ideas. e.g. Steve Jobs
3. Entrepeneurs

What is creative destruction?

Change is the only stability in business. The market destroys what is established, but at the same time creates opportunities for keen entrepreneurs to create new businesses.

What are the characteristics of the cognitive school?

1. Explains the formulation of strategy by looking into the minds of strategist to see how they process information to make decisions
2. Fills the gap that the entrepreneurial school leaves by using insights from cognitive psychology.
3. Points to the organisation of knowledge people do in their minds, and how the schemes in which we divide our info are misinterpreted forms of reality as they limit the info a person can take in and introduces bounded reality

What is bounded reality?

The acceptance of the fact that human beings make mistakes. There is no assumption of perfect rationality.

What are the characteristics of the learning school?

1. Logical incrementalism - learn from your mistakes, strategy is incremental and emerging
2. Assumes that the organisational environment is so complex and unpredictable that no perfect strategy can be created
3. Strategies emerge, evolve and die away as new info emerges
4. Incremental process = emerging strategy

What are the characteristics of the cultural school?

1. Strategy is seen as a collective process
2. Strategy is shaped by organisational culture - collective interpretation of the world by the members of an organisation
3. Unites organisational members with common beliefs, traditions, etc.
4. Unconscious nature of beliefs and the way they are imposed on new organisational members

What are the characteristics of the environmental school?

1. Sees demands of external context as a central actor impacting the management of a firm
2. Central premise: if a firm denies environmental forces, it will fail to survive
3. Population ecology approach
4. Firms occupy niches and are shaped and selected out by their environment

What is the population ecology approach?

Sees firms as organisms trying to maximise fit with the environment to increase their chance of survival

On which 2 schools is the strategy formulation process mainly based?

Design and positioning school.

What are the critiques on the planning school?

1. Risk averse, very conservative and not very innovative
2. Many players involved, which leads to a higher chance of politics developing
3. Hardly addresses implementation, because of focus on process of formulation

What are the characteristics of the positioning school?

1. Strong focus on context, as they look at the competitive forces in the environment
2. Strength of forces determines performance of businesses in that industry
3. Identification of positions within industries that shield you from these competitive forces

What are the similarities between the prescriptive schools?

1. In giving advice the schools all assume that people in firms can actually follow this advice, and with that assume that strategy is a deliberate and rational process.
2. Focus on measurement, calculation and accuracy
3. Associated with consulting firms

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