L1 Regulation of cell cycle and tumour growth
8 important questions on L1 Regulation of cell cycle and tumour growth
Growth factor that inhibits proliferation at G1, and promotes differentiation and apoptosis of normal epithelial cells
What does it do in cancer?
Since cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells (fibroblasts) are unresponsive, they produce much more and immune cells, endothelial and smooth-muscle cells nearby are stimulated- this causes immunosuppression, and angiogenesis, which makes the cancer more invasive. Also converts effector T cells into regulatory T cells
Experiment for cell-cycle control
(who's) (animal) (molecule)
sea urchin embryos
cyclin B - quick loss at mitosis
an autoradiograph made with radiolabelled proteins run of SDS-polyacrylamide gel
Draw cyclin cycles for B, nuclear D1, E and A
•Cyclin B increases towards start of M phase and is rapidly degraded in the end of mitosis before start of new cycle
•Nuclear Cyclin D level is shown here because after G1/S transition, its exported from nucleus back out to cytoplasm •Cyclin E levels rise quickly after going through R-point and collapse during S-phase
•Cyclin A increases as cell enters S-phase, collapse at G2
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Which Cdk complex is influenced strongly by extracellular signals (the only one that is)
how are the others co-ordinated?
Others are controlled by cell autonomous programming, once cyclin D-CDK4/6 is formed this automatically progresses to E-CDK2 (end G1 phase) then A-CDK2 (S phase) then A-CDK1 (S phase) then B-CDK1 (G2 phase)
R point in G1 stands for?
Full activation of cyclin-cdk complex given by?
enzyme, what it does, what happens (4 things)
Suppression of inhibitory phosphorylation (at diff site)
Suppression of Cdk inhibitors
Proteolysis regulated
regulation of cyclin genes (transcriptional level)
Cyclin-Cdk inhibitory kinase called
cyclin-Cdk inhibitory proteins types
INK (for CDK4/6) or Kip (for CDK1 and CDK2)
Before entering S phase what does D-CDK4 do?
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