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Stress and Illness Moderators

Q: Difference internal and external locus of control individuals

Internal would take responsibility for what happens to them External would be more likely to believe that outside forces or chance circumstances control their lives.

11 important questions on Stress and Illness Moderators

Cohen and Lazarus 5 main coping functions

reducing harmful external conditions
tolerating or adjusting to negative events
maintaining a positive self-image
maintaining emotional equilibrium and decreasing emotional stress
maintaining a satisfactory relationship with the environment or with others.

Attentional/approach, monitoring, viglant, active

i.e. concerned with attending to the source of stress and trying to deal with the problem by, for example, seeking information about it, or making active cognitive or behavioural efforts to manage the stressor.

Avoidant, blunting, passive

i.e. concerned with minimising the threat of the stressor; sometimes emotion-focused, sometimes involves avoiding the actual situation; for example distractin by thinking of pleasant thoughts or distraction by engaging in other activites to keep one's mind off the stressor; disengagement through substance abuse.

What type of coping is generally considered to be more active and in which situations?

Problem-focused coping is more likely to be adaptive when there is something that can be done to alter or control the stressor event. Seeking helpful information about the event would be a behavioural problem-focused coping strategy.

Emotion-focused copint is more adaptive in events where the individual has little control over the event or if their resources to deal with it are low.

Various models of association between personality variables and health and illness

Personality may promote unhealthy behavior predictive of disease
General aspects of personality may influence the manner in which an individual appraises or copes with stress or illness events
Personality may be predictive of disease onset > underpins psychosomatic tradition
Specific clusters of personality may predispose to specific illnesses

High negative affect (NA) individuals

Are characterized by a generalised negative outlook, greater introspection, low affect and low self-concept.

Difference internal and external locus of control individuals

Internal would take responsibility for what happens to them

External would be more likely to believe that outside forces or chance circumstances control their lives.

Types of control Cognitive

Belief that one has certain thought processes or strategies available that would reduce the negative impact of a stressor

Types of control Informational

Having the opportunity to find out about the stressor

Types of control retrospective

Attributions of cause or control of an event made after it happens.

Direct effect hypothesis of social support

Social support is beneficial regardless of the amount of stress people experience, and a lack of social support is detrimental to health even in the absence of stress.

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

Capita Selecta in Clinical Psychology | I Wessel, et al

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Stress and Illness Moderators

11 important questions on Stress and Illness Moderators

Cohen and Lazarus 5 main coping functions

Attentional/approach, monitoring, viglant, active

Avoidant, blunting, passive

What type of coping is generally considered to be more active and in which situations?

Various models of association between personality variables and health and illness

High negative affect (NA) individuals

Difference internal and external locus of control individuals

Types of control Cognitive

Types of control Informational

Types of control retrospective

Direct effect hypothesis of social support

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