Summary: Case 5 Macrophages And Low-Grade Inflammation
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Read the summary and the most important questions on Case 5 Macrophages and low-grade inflammation
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1 What are macrophages?
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What are M1 macrophages?
M1 macrophages:- classical macrophage activation
- activation by interferon-gamma, Th1 cells, TLR ligands
- leads to proinflammatory and microbicidal phenotype
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What are M2 macrophages?
M2 macrophages:- alternative macrophage activation
- activation by IL-4 and IL-13
- leads to anti-inflammatory and tissue reparative phenotype
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What can cause a change from M2 into M1?
cytokines (PPAR) and dietary FA -
What are the three categories of M2?
M2:- M2A: tissue remodeling and repair
- M2B: produces antibodies
- M2C: immune regulatory functions
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1.1 Cytokine release and funtions
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What are the functions of macrophages?
Macrophage functions:- role in innate and adaptive immune responses
- migrate to site of inflammation and perform phagocytosis and kill microorganisms (response to metabolic cues)
- secrete pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators
- present antigens to helper T cells.
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What substances activate macrophages?
Microbial products (e.g. endotoxin, T cell cytokines) activate macrophages. -
What is the function of the innate immune system?
Innate immune system:- defense against external threats
Innate immunity is protection against infection that relies on mechanisms that exist before infection. -
Macrophage function I: Pathogen recognition: What are PAMPs?
PAMPs are pathogen associated molecular patterns.Most microorganisms express repeating patterns of molecular structures. -
Macrophage function I: Pathogen recognition: What is pathogen recognition?
Innate immune system recognizes these repeating patterns termed pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) -
Macrophage function II: Host defense: What are the effector functions of activated macrophages in host defense?
- Killing microbes
- Inflammation enhanced adaptive immunity
- Tissue remodeling
- Enhanced antigen presentation
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