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Term 4 year

Q: What senses thirst and satiety in the body?

- Thirst is sensed by the hypothalamus , mouth , and nerves . - Satiety is sensed by the stomach and heart .

Q: How is blood volume related to blood pressure?

- Blood volume directly affects blood pressure by influencing the amount of blood in the vessels - Factors like dehydration, hemorrhage, and sodium intake can alter blood volume and subsequently affect blood pressure

Q: What are some key factors related to blood volume and blood pressure?

- Renin : Enzyme promoting sodium reabsorption - Angiotensin : Acts as a vasoconstrictor - Aldosterone : Promotes the excretion of potassium - ADH (antidiuretic hormone) : Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys - 'Where sodium goes, water follows'

61 important questions on Term 4 year

What are some functions of water in the body?

- Carries nutrients and waste products
- Maintains structure of large molecules
- Participates in metabolic reactions
- Serves as a solvent
- Acts as a lubricant and cushion
- Aids in temperature regulation
- Maintains blood volume

What senses thirst and satiety in the body?

- Thirst is sensed by the hypothalamus, mouth, and nerves.
- Satiety is sensed by the stomach and heart.

What are some ways in which living organisms obtain water?

- Water sources
- Metabolic water produced during cellular processes
- Condensation of water vapor in the air
- Oxidation of macromolecules during metabolism

What are the different sources of water available to living organisms?

- Natural water bodies like rivers, lakes, and oceans
- Groundwater from wells and aquifers
- Rainwater collected from precipitation

How can organisms obtain water in arid environments or where water is scarce?

- Extracting metabolic water during cellular processes
- Using condensation techniques to collect water from air humidity
- Utilizing processes like oxidation to generate water internally

What are the different ways in which the human body loses water?

- Urine
- Lungs
- Sweat
- Faeces

How is a general water requirement for an individual challenging to determine?

- It is difficult to establish a general requirement
- Sometimes expressed in mL/kcal ranging from 1.0 to 1.5

How is blood volume related to blood pressure?

- Blood volume directly affects blood pressure by influencing the amount of blood in the vessels
- Factors like dehydration, hemorrhage, and sodium intake can alter blood volume and subsequently affect blood pressure

What are some key factors related to blood volume and blood pressure?

- Renin: Enzyme promoting sodium reabsorption
- Angiotensin: Acts as a vasoconstrictor
- Aldosterone: Promotes the excretion of potassium
- ADH (antidiuretic hormone): Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys
- "Where sodium goes, water follows"

What is the distribution of fluid and electrolytes in the body?

- Balances 2/3 of fluid inside cells and 1/3 outside cells
- Rupture or collapse if imbalance occurs
- Water movement in and out of cells is carefully regulated
- Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) utilized to restore balance

What is the importance of fluid and electrolyte balance in the body?

- Regulates hydration levels
- Facilitates muscle contractions
- Affects nerve function
- Maintains blood pressure

What are the mechanisms that help maintain acid-base balance in the body?

- Respiration in the lungs regulates CO2 levels
- Excretion in the kidneys involves reabsorbing or excreting H+ and HCO3-
- Urine can be acidic or alkaline based on H+ secretion

How does respiration in the lungs contribute to maintaining acid-base balance in the body?

- Eliminates carbon dioxide (CO2), a potential acid
- Increased respiration rate can help decrease CO2 levels
- Reduction in CO2 prevents buildup of carbonic acid

What is the role of excretion in the kidneys in the context of acid-base balance?

- Kidneys reabsorb or excrete hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
- Excess H+ ions are secreted into urine to maintain pH balance
- Adjustments help prevent acidity or alkalinity disruptions

How does the composition of urine relate to acid-base balance in the body?

- Urine acidity or alkalinity depends on hydrogen ion (H+) secretion
- Acidity may indicate excess H+, while alkalinity suggests basic conditions
- Monitoring urine pH offers insights into acid-base status

What are the minerals found in a 60-kilogram human body?

- Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium are some minerals found in a 60-kilogram human body.

What is bioavailability when it comes to nutrition?

- Refers to the rate and extent of nutrition absorption and use by the body
- Some compounds like phytates in legumes, seeds, nuts, and grains, and oxalates in rhubarb, beet greens, sweet potatoes, and spinach can prevent absorption

What are the chief functions and significant sources of iron?

- Essential for oxygen transport in hemoglobin
- Part of myoglobin in muscles, aiding in oxygen storage
- Necessary for muscle contraction and energy metabolism
- Found in red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs, legumes, and dried fruits

What are the chief functions and sources of sodium?

- Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
- Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
- Found in table salt, soy sauce, meats, milks, breads, vegetables, and large amounts in processed foods

Describe the deficiency symptoms and toxicity symptoms of iodine.

- Deficiency can result in underactive thyroid gland, goiter, mental and physical retardation (cretinism)
- Toxicity can cause underactive thyroid gland, elevated TSH, goiter
- Significant sources include iodized salt, seafood, and plants grown in iodine-rich soil

What deficiency and toxicity symptoms are associated with chloride and in which sources is it commonly found?

- Deficiency symptoms do not occur under normal circumstances
- Toxicity symptoms include vomiting
- Commonly found in table salt, soy sauce, moderate amounts in meats, milks, eggs, and large amounts in processed foods

What are the principal functions of selenium and its dietary sources?

- Acts as an antioxidant by defending against oxidation
- Regulates thyroid hormone levels
- Sources are seafoods, organ meats, meats, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables (depending on soil content)

Describe the functions of potassium and the issues associated with its deficiency or toxicity, including significant sources.

- Regulates normal fluid and electrolyte balance; supports cell integrity; assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions
- Deficiency can lead to irregular heartbeat, muscular weakness, and glucose intolerance
- Toxicity can cause muscular weakness; if injected into a vein, can stop the heart
- Found in whole foods: meats, milks, fruits, vegetables, grains, and legumes

What roles do copper and manganese play in the body, and where can they be found in the diet?

- Copper aids in forming hemoglobin and enzymes
- Deficiency can cause anemia and bone abnormalities, with toxicity leading to liver damage
- Manganese is involved in enzyme and bone formation, with rare deficiency symptoms
- Both are found in seafood, nuts, legumes, whole grains, and seeds; manganese is also in leafy vegetables and tea

What are calcium's chief functions and the consequences of its deficiency and toxicity? Also, mention its significant sources.

- Key for mineralization of bones and teeth; involved in muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve functioning, blood clotting, and blood pressure
- Deficiency leads to stunted growth in children and bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults
- Toxicity causes heart problems and can increase risk of kidney dysfunction
- Found in milk and milk products, small fish (with bones), tofu, greens (e.g., bok choy, broccoli, chard), and legumes

What are the health implications and sources of fluoride and chromium?

- Fluoride supports bone and teeth health; reduces tooth decay
- Common in fluoridated drinking water and tea; associated with tooth discoloration when in excess (fluorosis)
- Chromium helps control blood sugar by enhancing insulin action
- Found in meats (liver), whole grains, and brewer's yeast

What are the components present in foods besides nutrients?

• Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, vitamins, and minerals
• Phytochemicals: non-nutrient compounds found in plants
• Some phytochemicals have biological activity in the body

Explain the roles of phosphorus in the body, along with the associated deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and the primary dietary sources.

- Essential for mineralization of bones and teeth; part of every cell; important in genetic material and as a buffer in acid-base balance
- Deficiency may result in muscular weakness and bone pain
- Toxicity can lead to calcification of non-skeletal tissues, especially the kidneys
- Found in all animal tissues (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk)

What is the focus of epidemiological studies regarding food and health?

• Plant-based diets and their correlation with cancer and heart disease

What is the importance of magnesium in the human body, and what symptoms may appear due to its deficiency or excess intake? Identify its substantial food sources.

- Critical for bone mineralization, protein synthesis, and nerve transmission
- Deficiency can cause weakness, confusion, and even seizures
- Excess intake from non-foods can result in diarrhea, alkalosis, and dehydration
- Richly present in nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green vegetables, seafood, chocolate, and cocoa

Summarize the functions of sulfate in the body as well as addressing the potential for deficiency or toxicity and its dietary sources.

- Supports protein stability through disulfide bridges; part of the vitamins biotin and thiamin; necessary for insulin function
- No known deficiency symptoms noted; toxicity only if sulfur-containing amino acids were excessive
- Present in all protein-containing foods (meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, legumes, nuts)

What are functional foods?

• Foods that can have a potentially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis at effective levels

Name three types of foods recommended for a healthy diet.

• Whole grains rich in dietary fibers
• Oily fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids
• Fresh fruit rich in phytochemicals

What are some characteristics of phytochemicals?

- Responsible for tastes, aromas, colours, and other characteristics
- Hot pepper and the burning sensation
- Garlic and its pungent flavour
- Tomatoes and their red colour

What are some possible physiological effects of bioactive compounds on the human body?

- Acting as antioxidants
- Mimicking hormones
- Stimulating enzymes
- Interfering with DNA replication
- Suppressing inflammation
- Destroying bacteria
- Binding to cell walls

What are the possible effects of consuming alkylresorcinols, and which food sources contain them?

- May contribute to the protective effect of grains in reducing the risks of diabetes, heart disease, and some cancers.
- Antimicrobial that may reduce ulcers; may lower blood cholesterol.

What are the health benefits of capsaicin and what foods are rich in this compound?

- Modulates blood clotting, possibly reducing the risk of fatal clots in heart and artery disease.

What roles do carotenoids play in health, and what are their primary food sources?

- Act as antioxidants, possibly reducing risks of cancer and other diseases.

Describe the properties and dietary sources of curcumin.

- Acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent; may reduce blood clot formation; may inhibit enzymes that activate carcinogens.

What functions do flavonoids serve in the body, and where can one find them in the diet?

- Act as antioxidants; scavenge carcinogens; bind to nitrates in the stomach, preventing conversion to nitrosamines; inhibit cell proliferation.

What are the suggested health benefits of genistein and daidzein, and which foods contain high levels of these compounds?

- Phytoestrogens that inhibit cell replication in GI tract; may reduce risk of breast, colon, ovarian, prostate, and other estrogen-sensitive cancers; may reduce cancer cell survival; may reduce risk of osteoporosis.

In what ways can indoles impact health, and which vegetables are especially high in indoles?

- May trigger production of enzymes that block DNA damage from carcinogens; may inhibit estrogen action.

Discuss the function of isothiocyanates in the body and identify foods rich in these compounds.

- Act as antioxidants; inhibit enzymes that activate carcinogens; activate enzymes that detoxify carcinogens; may reduce risk of breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer.

What are the benefits of consuming lignans and which foods are good sources of lignans?

- Phytoestrogens that block estrogen activity in cells possibly reducing the risk of cancer of the breast, colon, ovaries, and prostate.

What health advantages do monoterpenes offer, and which fruits are particularly high in monoterpenes?

- May trigger enzyme production to detoxify carcinogens; soluble, facilitating excretion.

Describe the health effects of phenolic acids and their dietary sources.

- Inhibit cancer promotion and cell proliferation.

Explain the health benefits of phytic acid and where it can be found in the diet.

- Binds to minerals, preventing free-radical formation; possibly reducing cancer risk.

What are the effects of resveratrol on health, and which foods are high in resveratrol?

- Acts as an antioxidant; may inhibit cancer growth; reduce inflammation, LDL oxidation, and blood clot formation.

What are the actions of saponins in the body, and what are the food sources of saponins?

- May interfere with DNA replication, preventing cancer cells from multiplying; stimulate immune response.

How do tannins affect health, and which foods are rich in tannins?

- Act as antioxidants; may inhibit carcinogen activation and cancer promotion.

How can soy help protect against breast and prostate cancer?

• Soy contains phytochemicals that may protect against breast and prostate cancer • Phytoestrogens in soy mimic oestrogen which is beneficial • Soybeans, legumes, flaxseeds, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables are rich in these compounds.

What is the benefit of lycopene found in apricots, guava, papaya, pink grapefruit, and tomatoes?

• Lycopene, a carotenoid, found in these foods • It is a pigment that benefits health • Cooking these foods can enhance the absorption of lycopene.

What are some examples of phytochemicals that can protect against heart disease?

- Flavonoids: yellow pigments in foods, group of phytochemicals with possible physiological effects.
- Lutein: a carotenoid.
- Plant sterols and lignans: cholesterol-like molecules blocking cholesterol absorption.

How can curcumin and carotenoids help protect against other diseases?

- Curcumin may help reverse insulin resistance, inflammation and other symptoms associated with obesity.
- Carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin may protect eyes and skin from UV damage and bones from mineral loss.

Why do foods contain a variety of phytochemicals?

- One single broccoli may contain as many as 10,000 different phytochemicals.
- Each food also has a unique array of phytochemicals.
- The variety of foods includes whole grains, legumes, vegetables, fruits, and nuts.

What is emphasized regarding the consumption of fruits and vegetables for health benefits?

- Everything can be a functional food.
- It is recommended to consume colorful fruits and veggies, with a target of 250 grams of vegetables each day.
- Many foods become functional when they are fortified with nutrients or enhanced with phytochemicals.

Can phytochemicals need to overlap or can they be isolated for health benefits?

- They do not need to overlap, and they can be isolated from different sources for unique health benefits.

What is one example of using food as a pharmaceutical product to lower blood cholesterol levels?

- Eating margarine instead of butter may help lower blood cholesterol.
- Margarine enhanced with a plant sterol can also be effective.

How does taking a statin drug affect blood cholesterol levels?

- Taking a statin drug can lower blood cholesterol levels.

What is an alternative to using pharmaceutical drugs or food alone to lower blood cholesterol levels?

- Enhancing margarine with a plant sterol can also help reduce blood cholesterol levels.

Can food be used as medicine to manage health conditions like cholesterol levels?

- Yes, incorporating specific food products, like margarine with plant sterol, can help in managing health conditions.

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

Cases for Food and Health

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