Summary: Cases For The Stabbing

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• 1 The Stabbing

• 1.1 Actions of the autonomic nervous system

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• How many segments is the spinal cord divided into?

  31 - 8C, 12T, 5L, 5S, 1 coccygeal

• What is the difference between afferent, efferent and interneurones?

  Afferent: carry signals to the CNS
  Efferent: carry signals to the target organs
  Interneurones: are the bridge between the two

• What are the two types of acetylcholine receptors and where are they found?

  Nicotinic
  - all synapses of the post and preganglionic neurones of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system. 
  - activation causes excitation- causes the opening of channels. 
   
  Muscarinic:
  - the effector target organs that are stimulated by the postganglionic neurones of the parasympathetic system. Also present in some sympathetic divisions. 
  - activation can have a stimulatory or inhibitory affect, as it can activate or inactivate certain enzymes.
  - affects are longer lasting compared to nicotinic.

• What are the different types of adrenergic receptors? What are the subtypes? What are they stimulated by? What are their actions?

  Alpha and beta
  
  Alpha:
   - both adrenaline and noradrenaline
   - 2 subtypes: alpha1 and alpha2
                        - alpha1: activates phospholipase C- found in the walls of the blood                                           vessels
                        - alpha2: inhibits cAMP formation: reduces phophatase activity
  
  Beta:
  - adrenaline only
   - 3 subtypes: beta1, beta2 and beta3
                         - beta1: increases cardiac output
                         - beta2: bronchodilation
                         - beta3: lipolysis in adipose tissue

• Which types of drugs affect the autonomic nervous system?

  Adrenergic drugs: bind to the adrenergic receptors and so affect the sympathetic nervous system- agonists and so mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous sysemt. 
  
  Cholergenic drugs: bind to the muscarinic receptors and so affect the parasympathetic nervous system- agonists and so mimic the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system
   
  Adrenergic blockers: bind to the adrenergic receptors- antagonists and so inhibit the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
  
  Anticholinergic receptors: bind to the muscarinic receptors- antagonists and so inhibit the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.

• 1.1.1 Sympathetic

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• What do the right and left sympathetic chains innervate?

  Right- visceral organs via the spinal nerves
  Left- visceral organs in the thoracic cavity

• What do the neurones synpasing in the celiac ganglion innervate?

  Visceral effectors in the abdominal cavity

• What do the neurones synapsing in the superior mesenteric ganglion innervate?

  Visceral organs in the pelvic cavity

• Where do the pre-ganglion of the SNS lie?

  Between T1-L2

• Where do the preganglionic fibres of the adrenal medulla synapse?

  On endocrine cells.