Summary: Cell Biology And Health

Read the summary and the most important questions on Cell Biology and Health

• 1 Introduction to the Immune System

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• 1.1 Self and non-self

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• When does the immune system start an attack?

  When the molecule is marked non-self, so misses an MHC protein.

• 1.2 Cells of the Immune System

• What lineages of stem cells are there (2) and what cells do they produce (7/5)?

  1. Myleoid lineage: erythtrocyte, platelet, eosinophil, basophil, mast cell, neutrophil and magrophage.
  2. Lymphoid lineage: plasma cell, memory cell, NK cell, helper T cell and cytotoxic T cell.

• Name the components of blood (3), their function and percentage of presence.

  1. Erythrocytes (red) are oxygen carriers and comprise 90% of the blood
  2. Leukocytes (white) are the immune cells and comprise 6%
  3. Thrombocytes (platelets) are necessary for coagulation

• 1.2.1 Mononuclear cells

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• Name 3 things about the natural killer cells

  They look like lymphocytes and live for 1 week. They are found in the blood, spleen and liver.

• 1.3 Cytokines

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• What names do cytokines have and why (5)?

  1. Interleukin, originally with leukocytes as target, now new cytokines, generally prodcuced by T-helper cells
  2. Lymphokines, produced by lymphocytes
  3. Monokines, produced by monocytes
  4. Interferons, involved in antiviral responses
  5. Chemokines mediate chemotaxis between cells

• Name 2 functions of different cytokines and give their names

  1. IL-2 (interleukin 2) triggers system to produce T cells.
  2. Chemokines call immune cells to the region for repair or war

• How does concentration of cytokines influence their effect?

  In a low concentration: only close cells are effected and sometimes cell who produced it, because of positive feedback loop.
  In higher concentrations it may activate cells in several organs.
  When high concentrations are produced, this may lead to septic shock.

• 1.4.1 Antibody functions

• Name the 3 mechanisms for destroying pathogens and explain how this is done.

  1. Neutralization: covering the pathogen with antibodies to prevent it from binding to a cell.
  2. Opsonization: phagocytosis of the covered pathogen
  3. Complement activation: the complement system forms pores in the cell membrane and so lyses the pathogen.

• 1.4.2 Fc Receptors

• What is a Fc receptor?

  It is located on almost every cell of the immune system. It helps to recognize the pathogen by its attached antibodies

• 2 Structure of the Immune System

• 2.1 Skin

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• What things does the cutaneous innate immunity include (5)?

  • The physical barrier of skin
  • Release of humoral mediators
  • Recruitment and activation of phagocytes
  • Production of antimicrobial proteins/peptides (AMP)