Cell cycle and mitosis
6 important questions on Cell cycle and mitosis
A.Female anatomy
i.Between puberty and menopause, one egg per month is ovulated into peritoneal sac that lines abdominal cavity
ii.Egg drawn into fallopian tube or oviduct, lined with cilia to propel egg forward à tubes connected to muscular uterus – site of fetal development; lower end known as cervix connects to vaginal canal where sperm are deposited during intercourse
iii.External female anatomy called volva
A.Sexual development
b.Prior to puberty
i.Hypothalamus restricts production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) à at puberty, restriction lifted and ht releases pulses of GnRH
ii.GnRH triggers anterior pituitary gland to synthesize and release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
1.FSH and LH trigger production of other sex hormones for development and maintenance of reproductive system
Male sexual development
ii.Testosterone, produced by testes, increases dramatically during puberty
1.Results in development of secondary sexual characteristics, facial and axillary hair, deepening of voice
2.Decreases as men age
3.Exerts negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, so production is limited to appropriate levels
iii.FSH stimulates Sertoli cells and trigger sperm maturation
LH causes interstitial tissues to produce testosterone
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A.Menstrual cycle
Follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, menstruation
I.Follicular phase
2.GnRH secreted from hypothalamus in response to low levels of estrogen and progesterone at end of last cycle
^ GnRH à ^ FSH and LH à develop ovarian follicles à produce estrogen that has negative feedback on GnRH, LH and FSH; estrogen also works to regrow endometrial lining, stimulating vascularization and glandularization of decidua
I.Luteal phase
2.High [progesterone] has negative feedback on GnRH, LH, FSH preventing ovulation of multiple eggs
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