Human Molecular Genetics - Lecture Twenty Six : Cellular Differentiation, stem cells and modern medicine
4 important questions on Human Molecular Genetics - Lecture Twenty Six : Cellular Differentiation, stem cells and modern medicine
What is the basic principle of embryonic development ?
- Embryo begins as a small number of naïve, totipotent cells
- Embryonic stem cells can give rise to all cell types except trophectoderm (pluripotent)
- Progressive restriction of cell fate until terminally differentiated, and can only give rise to same type of cell.
- Exception: stem cells, germ cells (eggs & sperm)
How are cells differentiated ?
- Pluripotent stem cell
- Muscle genes are not being transcribed because the master regulatory gene is OFF
- Master gene is turned on from an environmental stimuli
- This then produces a muscle cell, which then goes on to turn other genes specific to that particular tissue, as well as MyoD protein its own transcription factor
What make stem cells special ?
EXAMPLE :
Blood stem cells or hematopoietic stem cells are found in the bone marrow and can be used for transplants.
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Compare and Contrast Adult stem cells vs Embryonic stem cells ?
- Stem cells such as bone marrow cells usually only give rise to one or a few sell types : multipotent.
- Stem cells are pluripotent and can become all/any cells of the body
COMPARISON :
- A fertilised egg is totipotent, able to give rise to all cell types through cell division
- Different culture conditions are used to persuade stem cells to develop into different kinds of differentiated cell
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