The major vertebrate hormones - Protein and peptide hormones
11 important questions on The major vertebrate hormones - Protein and peptide hormones
What hormones are released from the acidophils of the anterior pituitary and what is their function?
- Growth hormone (GH). Released in response to GHRH from the hypothalamus and stimulates body growth. Not by bone growth but by production of somatomedins, which cause the bone to take up sulfates.
- Prolactin (PRL). Release is stimulated by TRH from the hypothalamus and promotes lactation in mammals.
What hormone is secreted by the corticope cells of the anterior pituitary and what is its function?
What hormones does the posterior pituitary release and what do they do?
- Oxytocin. Important during birth (causes uterine contractions) and is used to medically induce labor. Also important in suckling reflex as it is released into the blood as response to stimulation from the nipple. Then travels through general circulation to the mammary glands.
- Vasopressin (or antidiuretic hormone ADH). Acts to retain water in tetrapod vertebrates. Alcohol inhibits VP/ADH, increasing the frequency of urination. Vasopressin also causes constriction of blood flow during serious blood loss.
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What hormones does the thyroid produce and what are their properties and functions?
- T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxin). Both are fat soluble and diffuse easily across membranes. However, they need a protein carrier to travel through blood!
- They both increase the glucose oxidation rates in tissues and thus increase the amount of metabolic heat produced at any time.
- Important for adapting to changing temperatures.
What hormones does the parathyroid produce and what is their function?
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH). Elevates blood calcium levels by increasing resorption of calcium from the bone and gut. Also inhibits phosphate resorption in the kidney, which reduces Ca clearance.
- Calcitonin (CT). Released from C cells of the thyroid and acts in opposition to PTH to lower blood calcium levels by inhibiting calcium release from the bone.
What hormone is secreted from the gastrointestinal tract and what is its function?
- Cholecytokinin (CCK)
- Causes the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes and also causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile.
What hormone is released from the stomach and what does it do?
- Ghrelin. It stimulates GHRH release from the anterior pituitary and regulates the energy balance.
What hormones are secreted from adipose (fat) cells and what do they do?
- Leptin. Acts on receptors in the CNS and other sites to induce energy expenditure and inhibit food intake.
- Adiponectin. Lowers glucose and fatty acids in the blood, reduces insulin resistance and decreases triglyceride storage in skeletal muscle.
What are the 2 major pancreatic hormones and what do they do?
- Insulin. Only hormone that can lower blood glucose levels.
- Glucagon. Travels to the liver and there stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen. So it acts in opposition to insulin and increases blood glucose levels.
What hormones are released by the gonads and what do they do?
- Müllerian inhibitory hormone (MIH). Inhibits development of the müllerian duct system, which is the system that gives rise to the female accessory sex glands during testicular development.
- Inhibin. Secreted by the Sertoli cells in the testes and the granulosa cells in the ovaries. Inhibits FSH secretion.
- Relaxin. Produced in the corpora lutea during pregnancy. Allows estrogen-primed pelvic ligaments to stretch to permit passage of the fetus during birth.
What hormones are released from the placenta and what do they do?
- CG is like LH and maintains progesterone production during pregnancy.
- CC is like PRL and GH.
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