Tutorials - Amino acids and proteins

26 important questions on Tutorials - Amino acids and proteins

What is a polymer of amino acid linked by peptide bond?

Protein

What is an essential amino acid that has sulphur in its side chain?

Methionine

What transports oxygen from the lungs to tissue?

Haemoglobin
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Proteins are composed of different amino acids connected by what bonds between the amino group of one amino acid and the what group of another amino acid.

Peptide, carboxyl

The two main types of secondary structure within proteins are the what and the what. These secondary structures are held together by what which can be broken by heating.

Alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, hydrogen bonds

What are formed between two cysteine amino acids within a protein?

Disulphide bonds

What does quaternary structure refer to?

The way in which chains are packed together in proteins that contain more than one polypeptide chain

What the structure of an amino acid that is in the zwitterion form?

H3N+ - RCH - COO-

Is the carboxyl group COOH within the amino acid acidic or basic? Why?

Acidic as it can donate H+ and become COO-

Which structural features do all amino acids share?

A carboxyl group, an amino group and a single hydrogen connected to a central carbon atom called the alpha carbon

Which structural feature is different between the different types of amino acid such as alanine and valine?

The difference is in their R group, also known as their side chain

How do amino acids connect to one other to form longer chains called proteins?

The carboxyl group of the first amino acid reacts with the amino group of the second amino acid forming a peptide bond that links the two amino acids, creating a dipeptide, while one H2O molecule is removed.

What is a primary protein structure?

Sequence of amino acids in a protein where peptide bonds connect individual amino acids in a protein to create a continuous amino acid chain

What is an example of a primary protein structure?

The amino acid sequence of a short protein may be Alanine-valine-aspartate-tyrosine-cysteine

What is a secondary protein structure?

Hydrogen bonds between many backbone atoms within different amino acids

Are all secondary protein structures the same?

No, different hydrogen bond patterns make different helical structures referred to as alpha-helices and beta sheets where multiple beta strands stack next to each other

How many types of bonding interactions are there between "side chains” in a tertiary protein structure?

Four, hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, disulphide bonds, and non-polar hydrophobic interactions

What do the four types of bonding interactions in a tertiary protein structure allow the protein to do?

Fold into specific 3D arrangements which are required for the protein to perform its function

What are some factors that can cause a protein to denature?

An increase in temperature, an increase or decrease in pH, or mechanical agitation

Which levels of protein structure will be destroyed by protein denaturation?

Secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure

Which of the levels of protein structure will remain intact after protein denaturation?

Primary structure will be maintained as the amino acids within the protein will remain connected

Will a protein be able to perform its function after protein denaturation?

No, as the the normal structural arrangement of the protein will be lost

Which component of amino acids is variable?

The R-group

What are the interactions between R groups in separate amino acids within the same protein chain also known as?

Tertiary structure

What will not normally denature a protein?

Very low temperatures

What does complete hydrolysis of a protein produce a mixture of?

Free amino acids

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