Postwar reconstruction
22 important questions on Postwar reconstruction
What are the two main approaches for statebuilding?
- Liberal (or Democratic) Peace approach.
- Institutionalisation before liberation approach.
- Monitoring and keeping agreed peace (thin blue line).
- Limiting and containing effects of violence.
- Later generations: multidimensional, mulitlevel, broader mandates.
- Increasingly overlapping with peacemaking.
What form is described above?
What form is described above?
Actively mediating and supporting peace negotiations. Which concept is described here?
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Overcoming cultural and structural violence. Which concept is described here?
"A central concept for this chapter". Refers to the attempt to (re)build self-sustaining institutions of governance capable of delivering the essential public goods required to underpin perceived legitimacy and what it is hoped will eventually become an enduring peace. What concept is described here?
Widely used during the period of decolonalization to refer mainly to the enterprise of forging national identity our of the diverse populations that made up many of the newer states so that citizenship would transcend subordinate loyalties. Which concept is described above?
What are the positive arguments for the Liberal peace approach?
- Western liberal democracies have avoided war among themselves.
- Economic interdependence and trade benefits for a lack of incentive for war.
- Democratic institutions create capacity to deal with conflict non-violently.
--> The best foundation for peace is a liberal democracy with a market-oriented economy.
The liberal peace approach developed after the Second World War. Post-war installation of government and democratic institutions and a gradual hand-over of power. During what wars was this type used by the US?
- Afghanistan 2001.
- Iraq 2003.
In 1945 the political conflicts were decided on the battlefield and were emphatically over before reconstruction began. What were the differences between the post-war installation of Germany and Japan and other wars after 1945?
- Germany and Japan did not suffer from internal conflict.
- Germany and Japan surrendered, effectively stopping the war.
- Little to no questioning of legitimacy of intervention of Germany and Japan.
What are the critics of the liberal peace approach?
- Liberal peace is a form of neocolonialism.
- Imposing Western values and institutions on non-Western societies, for western benefit.
- Intervening powers subject and dominate the underdeveloped world.
From a "conservative" perspective Jeffrey Herbst (2003) advises against "fixing states". Why?
Despite its criticism, Liberal Peace is still the most prevalent and dominant approach. What are the alternatives?
First, institutions need to be built.
IBL approach. Why do institutions need to be built?
- To manage conflicts non-violently.
- Benevolent dictatorship as an interim solution.
- Promoting democracy while imposing insitutions.
Paul Bremmer was the dictator of Iraq. Part of the government after. Transferred power to the Iraq government again. Which approach was conducted by Paul Bremmer?
Dilemmas and tradeoffs. There are both short-term security priorities and long-term development priorities. Give one example of both:
- Short term: Bombarding threats deals with enemy commanders: security vs accountability for actions (destruction).
- Long term: Democracy and market economy (assumed) beneficial in the long run, however can be destabilising in the short-term (construction).
IRW operations. Phases and actors. Security. From military and rebel groups to -->
IRW operations. Phases and actors. Law and order. From human rights abuses, violence and impunity to -->
IRW operations. Phases and actors. Government. From conflict and "rule of the gun" to -->
IRW operations. Phases and actors. Economy. From war economies and humanitarian relief to -->
IRW operations. Phases and actors. Society. From divided societies and tensions between groups to -->
IRW operations. Phases and actors. International intervention transition. From peacemaking and peacebuilding to -->
What are the problems with IRW and Peacebuilding:
- Hard to speak of phases, because of the ongoing conflicts.
- Exit strategies lack prolonged support from donors.
- Political need to show "quick results". > Re-elected. Within your term.
- These political reforms take much more time and are much more complex than training, equipping, and building.
- Risk of Blue-print approach. Ticking boxes.
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