Ending civil war
19 important questions on Ending civil war
Describe peacekeeping. What is peacekeeping?
When conflict prevention as failed, there are three ways to minimalize the outcome. What are those three ways?
- Limit spread. > To create security space.
- Limit intensity. > To create humanitarian space.
- Limit duration. > To create political space.
A mechanism of conflict resolution is the United Nations. What happend in 1945 that effected the United Nations?
- 1945: After the Second World War, the United Nations was established.
- The UN charter.
- Signed June 26, 1945.
- All members are bound by its articles.
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UN. Makes binding resolutions, peacekeeping missions, has 5 permanent members with veto power. What insitution of the UN is described here?
United Nations charter Chapter VI: Pacific Settlement of Disputes. How can the UN execute this chapter?
- The security council shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties to settle their dispute by such [peaceful] means.
- The security council may investigate any dispute.
- The security council can at any stage of a dispute recommend methods for peaceful settlement.
United Nations charter Chapter VII: Action with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace and acts of aggression. How can the UN execute this chapter?
- Should the security council consider that measures provided for in Article 41 would be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forced as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstarations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations.
The United Nations charter Chapter VIII: Regional arrangements. How can the UN execute this chapter?
- The security council shall encourage the development of pacific settlement of local disputes through such regional arragements or by such regional agencies.
- But no enforcement action shall be taken under regional arrangements or by regional agencies without the authorization of the security council.
First peacekeeping generation: 1956-1995. What was the agreement on violence?
- No use of force except for self-defense.
First peacekeeping generation: 1956-1995. What were the main jobs during the first peacekeeping generation?
- Monitoring borders.
- Establishing buffer zones.
Typically by lightly armed troops from small and neutral UN member states.
What was the central concept of the Second generation peacekeeping?
- Security did not longer meant "state security". Individual and community security rose to prominence.
Remember that at the end of 1993 in Somalia, 18 American Rangers on a peacekeeping mission in Mogadishu had been killed, and their bodies dragged through the streets of Mogadishu, televised around the world. The Clinton administration, which had come into office talking about a brave new era of peacekeeping and global intervention and policing, lost its appetite for peacekeeping very fast. Second peacekeeping generation. What were the main problems with the peacekeeping missions?
- Limitations in capacity (troops, mandates).
- Dependent on Security Council.
- Dependent on member states.
- As opposed to simply monitoring: complexity. > But what are the alternatives?
- Imposition of Western values on non-Western countries?
- Actors may benefit from continuation of violence.
Third generation peacekeeping: 2008- onwards. What is the main characteristic of the third generation peacekeeping?
- More capacity, mandate to use force to deter aggression when necessary.
Effects of peace agreements/settlements as oppposed to military victories:
- More likely to lead to recurrence of violence.
Although less intense. - Less likely to lead to sustainable peace.
- Less likely to lead to genocide.
What are the main challenges for conflict tranformation:
- Cycle of violence. > Revenge.
- No economic capacity. > War is likely to re-occur.
- Soldiers, smugglers, other actors dependent on war economy.
- Military officers & political leaders may risk prosecution, so benefit from continuation of violence.
- Transformation happens on a multi-level scale.
Transformation happens on a multi-level scale! Define the context transformation:
- Changing structures or policies in the regional or international context. For example. > The end of the Cold war.
Transformation happens on a multi-level scale! Define the structural transformation:
- Changing the structure of relationships between actors (parties). For example. > External support for al-Assad in Syria, changing the power relations in his advantage.
Transformation happens on a multi-level scale! Define actor transformation:
- Change of a conflict actor, leadership, adoption of new values etc. For example. > Donald Trump's election, adopting new values in international diplomacy.
Transformation happens on a multi-level scale! Define issue transformation:
- Change of the (important of) issues on the political agenda (often coinciding with change of actors). For example. > Cameroon today: Change issues from equal rights to secession (afscheiding).
Transformation happens on a multi-level scale! Define personal and group transformation:
- Changes of persons and groups. > For example. > Erdogan, becoming hardline and oppresive after the coup.
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