Ecosystem change
36 important questions on Ecosystem change
What are ecosystem services?
- Cultural
- Supporting services
What are tropical forest
- Drought sensitivity influences the distribution of tropical forest trees even in areas with high rainfall
Which factors influence forest diversity and why?
- They are intimately connected to climate
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What happens with mega drought in Amazon?
What happens if climate change alters the hydrologic cycle?
- Tropical forest are very sensitive to droughts -> high risk
What does Barro Colorade Island (BCI)?
What is the impact of drought?
- moisture-demanding species became less common + species with higher drought tolerance filled space
What are tropical cloud forests impacted by?
What is the lifiting cloud base effect?
- The net effect will be a shift in suitable climatic conditions for cloud forests toward the tops of the mountains
What happens if sea surface temperature increases in the region?
- Number of dry days per year has mounted -> precipitation has decreased -> stream flows have fallen
What means a lowered relative humidity at altitude?
What do birds during the drying period?
What happens with range shits with warming?
What happend in the temperate ecosystems?
What is the thing with the Lodgepole pin?
What are the changes in climate?
- Warming accelerates snowmelt -> drier, more flammable forsts later in the year
- Large fires -> open large areas to ecological succession -> accelerate species range shits
What happens with high elevation Pine species?
- They enjoy long, cold season's that limit damage from bark beetles
- Warming is bringing beetle outbreak damage to these pines
What happens with the Whitebark pine seeds?
- Grizzly bears feed on the seeds -> critical resource for bear reproduction
- Squirrels and other animals feed on the caches as well
What is the impact of Whitebark pin trapt at upper elevations?
- The needles reduce wind velocity
- The shade op the canopies reduces evaporation from ice phase of snow -> retaining more water for spring melt
What means the loss of the Pine over large areas?
- A lot of death -> lower streamflows -> less recruitment of trout
Which trees do beetles not attack?
What happens with the cryosphere due to climate change?
- They lose more mass to melting than they accumulate from snowpack each year
What are the physical consequences?
- Flow increases in rivers
- Large losses in river flow in the longer term when the glaciers have disappeared
What are the biological consequences?
- As glaciers lose their mass -> cold water flows are reduced
- Lower water levels -> reduced habitat for freshwater species
- Reduced flow -> warmer water -> reduced habitat for cold water species
What is the result of snowmelt and eralier melt?
What are seal lairs?
What happens when the sea ice extents?
What happens when coral dies?
What happens when bleaching is local?
How is fishing harvest affected?
What happens with pelgaic marine systems?
- This results in a booming mackerel population and catch
- The combination of climate change and fishing pressure results in simultaneous top-down and bottom-up changes in fisheries that may be difficult to tease apart
How are direct chemical effects of the oceans occurring?
- CO2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid -> CO2 is in equilibirium with carbonic acid in seawater
- The CO2 that is converted to carbonic acid releases hydrogen atoms into seawater -> higher PH
Where deoes feedback to climate change occur?
- Where change in vegetation changes the albedo
What is the feedback with plants?
- Plant growth also increases with temperature, making the balance between carbon fixed in plants and that respired important in determining the net effect of warming
What is the feedback system in Amazon?
- Should the amazon dry to eliminate forst in some areas, the reduction in moisture recycling would lead to forest drying and loss in adjacent areas
- When these forests are gone, the CO2 released from decaying vegetation is very high
What is the feedback system in the Tundra?
- Conifer has a low albedo
- Conifers are expanding and replacing tundra
- Decrease in snow cover will make these lands darker, so absorb more solar light -> further warming of the climate
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