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Climate and Climate Change - Global circulation systems

13 important questions on Climate and Climate Change - Global circulation systems

What is differential heating?

Some parts of the earth receive more radiation than other parts.

What are the two reasons for differential heating?

1. Curvation of the sun - at higher latitudes ,the radiation of the sun is spread over a much larger surface area.
2. The heat has to travel through a greater depth of atmosphere near the poles so more radiation is lost due to gases and particles in the atmosphere.

What do Hadley cells do?

At the equator, the warmer less dense air rises and spreads out underneath the tropopause, the warm air spreads towards the poles, graduately sinking and cooling as it moves. Before descending at the surface and flowing back to the equator.
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What do the polar cells do?

Cold, dense air descending in the polar regions flows at low levels away from the polar, as it leaves the polar regions, it starts to warm  and rise, returning to the poles at high levels.

What do the ferrel cells do?

Are not driven by temperature, but flow in an opposite direction from the Hadley and polar cells, acting as a gear. They do not only transport heat from the equator to the poles but also result in semi permanent areas of high and low pressure, due to the rising and descending parts of the circulating cells, giving us our climate zones.

Which areas see much rainfall? - rainforest

Areas that rise ( a low pressure zone is created) near the equator

Which areas have clear skies and little rainfall? - desert.

Where air is descending (high pressure zone) -

What does the Coriolis effect explain? (wind)

Why winds blow anticlockwise around low pressure zones, and clockwise around high pressure.

What is the conservation of angular momentum?

As air moves away from the equator on top of the Hadley cells, towards higher latitudes, it starts to be deflected by the Coriolis force. Air moving away from the equator speeds up as it gets closer to the poles.

What causes the subtropical jetstream?

The magnitude of the Coriolis effect increases towards the poles, so at 40/30 degrees, it is moving in an easter direction. Sits between the Hadley and ferrel cells.

What causes the polar front jet?

It sits between the polar and ferrel cells, and marks the boundaries between cold polar air and warm tropical air= polar front, and is the effect of the contrast in temperature. Stronger in winter than in summer because of the bigger difference in temperature.

Why is the stream of air not constant throughout the length of a jet stream?

Embedded with the wave-like patterns of the jetstream are localised areas of even faster winds. They provide a focus for modifications to surface pressure patterns

What is the essence of the energy budget?

Balance between the incoming shortwave radiation from the sun and the outgoing long wave radiation from the earth. When the incoming and outgoing energy are in balance, the temperature of the earth stays in balance.

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

Climate change: the science and global impact

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